OMIA:001898-9796 : Metabolic syndrome in Equus caballus (horse)

In other species: pig

Categories: Endocrine / exocrine gland phene (incl mammary gland)

Links to MONDO diseases: No links.

Mendelian trait/disorder: unknown

Considered a defect: yes

Cross-species summary: Also known as Insulin resistance or Insulin dysregulation.

Species-specific description: McGowan and Irland (2023): "Equine metabolic syndrome is not a disease, but a collection of risk factors for endocrinopathic laminitis with the defining feature of the syndrome being insulin dysregulation (ID) [Durham et al., 2018]. Risk factors for EMS include age, female sex, breed, being more sedentary and obesity [Durham et al., 2018; Carslake et al., 2021]." See 'OMIA:001968-9796 : Height, HMGA2-associated body-size variation in Equus' for the association of a HMGA2 variant with metabolic syndrome in ponies. See also 'OMIA:001225-9796 : Laminitis in Equus caballus'

Genetic engineering: Unknown
Have human generated variants been created, e.g. through genetic engineering and gene editing

Cite this entry

Nicholas, F. W., Tammen, I., & Sydney Informatics Hub. (2023). OMIA:001898-9796: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) [dataset]. https://omia.org/. https://doi.org/10.25910/2AMR-PV70

References

Note: the references are listed in reverse chronological order (from the most recent year to the earliest year), and alphabetically by first author within a year.

2024 Clark, B.L., Norton, E.M., Bamford, N.J., Randhawa, I.A.S., Kemp, K.L., McCue, M.E., Bertin, F.R., Stewart, A.J. :
Epidemiological investigation of insulin dysregulation in Shetland and Welsh ponies in Australia. Equine Vet J , 2024. Pubmed reference: 38173146. DOI: 10.1111/evj.14044.
Weckman, M.J., Karikoski, N.P., Raekallio, M.R., Box, J.R., Kvist, L. :
Genome-wide association study suggests genetic candidate loci of insulin dysregulation in Finnhorses. Vet J :S1090-0233(24)00002-9:106063, 2024. Pubmed reference: 38232813. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106063.
2023 Akinniyi, O.O., Sackey, A.K.B., Ochube, G.E., Mshelia, P.W., Musa, F.A., Elijah, M.O., Jolayemi, K.O. :
Occurrence of equine metabolic syndrome, clinical manifestations, and associated risk factors in Nigeria. J Equine Sci 34:29-35, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37405068. DOI: 10.1294/jes.34.29.
Al-Ansari, A.S., Golding, E., Walshe, N., Mooney, C.T., Duggan, V. :
Obesity and obesity-associated metabolic disease conditions in Connemara ponies in Ireland. Equine Vet J , 2023. Pubmed reference: 37985219. DOI: 10.1111/evj.14029.
Bourebaba, L., Kępska, M., Qasem, B., Zyzak, M., Łyczko, J., Klemens, M., Mularczyk, M., Marycz, K. :
Sex hormone-binding globulin improves lipid metabolism and reduces inflammation in subcutaneous adipose tissue of metabolic syndrome-affected horses. Front Mol Biosci 10:1214961, 2023. Pubmed reference: 38146533. DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1214961.
Bourebaba, L., Serwotka-Suszczak, A., Pielok, A., Sikora, M., Mularczyk, M., Marycz, K. :
The PTP1B inhibitor MSI-1436 ameliorates liver insulin sensitivity by modulating autophagy, ER stress and systemic inflammation in Equine metabolic syndrome affected horses. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 14:1149610, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37020593. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1149610.
Clark, B.L., Bamford, N.J., Stewart, A.J., McCue, M.E., Rendahl, A., Bailey, S.R., Bertin, F.R., Norton, E.M. :
Evaluation of an HMGA2 variant contribution to height and basal insulin concentrations in ponies. J Vet Intern Med , 2023. Pubmed reference: 37148171. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16723.
Clark, B.L., Stewart, A.J., Kemp, K.L., Bamford, N.J., Bertin, F.R. :
Evaluation of field-testing protocols to diagnose insulin dysregulation in ponies using a Bayesian approach. Vet J :106019, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37536451. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106019.
de Laat, M.A., Fitzgerald, D.M. :
Equine metabolic syndrome: Role of the enteroinsular axis in the insulin response to oral carbohydrate. Vet J 294:105967, 2023. Pubmed reference: 36858344. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.105967.
de Laat, M.A., Sillence, M.N. :
Diagnosis of equine endocrinopathies: The value of measuring blood glucose during an oral glucose test. Vet J :106034, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37778651. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106034.
Fitzgerald, D.M., Cash, C.M., Dudley, K.J., Sibthorpe, P.E.M., Sillence, M.N., de Laat, M.A. :
Expression of the GCG gene and secretion of active glucagon-like peptide-1 varies along the length of intestinal tract in horses. Equine Vet J , 2023. Pubmed reference: 37853957. DOI: 10.1111/evj.14020.
Hallman, I., Karikoski, N., Kareskoski, M. :
The effects of obesity and insulin dysregulation on mare reproduction, pregnancy, and foal health: a review. Front Vet Sci 10:1180622, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37152686. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1180622.
Jayathilake, W.M.N.K., de Laat, M.A., Furr, M., Risco, C., Lacombe, V.A. :
Prolonged hyperinsulinemia increases the production of inflammatory cytokines in equine digital lamellae but not in striated muscle. Vet J :S1090-0233(23)00104-1:106053, 2023. Pubmed reference: 38043699. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106053.
McGowan, C.M., Ireland, J.L. :
Equine endocrine disease: Challenges with case definition for research. J Equine Vet Sci 124:104491, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37236726. DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104491.
Stefaniuk-Szmukier, M., Piórkowska, K., Ropka-Molik, K. :
Equine metabolic syndrome: A complex disease influenced by multifactorial genetic factors. Genes (Basel) 14, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37628596. DOI: 10.3390/genes14081544.
Sundra, T., Lester, G., Rossi, G., Rendle, D. :
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in horses-Magic bullet or latest fad? Equine Vet J , 2023. Pubmed reference: 37190880. DOI: 10.1111/evj.13944.
2021 Carslake, H.B., Pinchbeck, G.L., McGowan, C.M. :
Equine metabolic syndrome in UK native ponies and cobs is highly prevalent with modifiable risk factors. Equine Vet J 53:923-934, 2021. Pubmed reference: 33128277. DOI: 10.1111/evj.13378.
2020 Cash, C.M., Fitzgerald, D.M., Spence, R.J., de Laat, M.A. :
Preliminary analysis of the FAM174A gene suggests it lacks a strong association with equine metabolic syndrome in ponies. Domest Anim Endocrinol 72:106439, 2020. Pubmed reference: 32169753. DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106439.
Roy, M.M., Norton, E.M., Rendahl, A.K., Schultz, N.E., McFarlane, D., Geor, R.J., Mickelson, J.R., McCue, M.E. :
Assessment of the FAM174A 11G allele as a risk allele for equine metabolic syndrome. Anim Genet 51:607-610, 2020. Pubmed reference: 32412131. DOI: 10.1111/age.12952.
Wallis, N., Raffan, E. :
The genetic basis of obesity and related metabolic diseases in humans and companion animals. Genes 11:1378, 2020. Pubmed reference: 33233816. DOI: 10.3390/genes11111378.
2019 Durham, A.E., Frank, N., McGowan, C.M., Menzies-Gow, N.J., Roelfsema, E., Vervuert, I., Feige, K., Fey, K. :
Response to letter to editor regarding ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 33:1125-1126, 2019. Pubmed reference: 30990917. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15503.
Loos, C.M.M., Dorsch, S.C., Elzinga, S.E., Brewster-Barnes, T., Vanzant, E.S., Adams, A.A., Urschel, K.L. :
A high protein meal affects plasma insulin concentrations and amino acid metabolism in horses with equine metabolic syndrome. Vet J 251:105341, 2019. Pubmed reference: 31492392. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105341.
MacLeod, C. :
ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 33:1123-1124, 2019. Pubmed reference: 31001892. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15501.
Norton, E., Schultz, N., Geor, R., McFarlane, D., Mickelson, J., McCue, M. :
Genome-Wide Association Analyses of Equine Metabolic Syndrome Phenotypes in Welsh Ponies and Morgan Horses. Genes (Basel) 10, 2019. Pubmed reference: 31698676. DOI: 10.3390/genes10110893.
Norton, E.M., Schultz, N.E., Rendahl, A.K., Geor, R.J., Mickelson, J.R., McCue, M.E., Norton, E.M., Schultz, N.E., Rendahl, A.K., Geor, R.J., Mickelson, J.R., McCue, M.E. :
Heritability of metabolic traits associated with equine metabolic syndrome in Welsh ponies and Morgan horses. Equine Vet J 51:475-480, 2019. Pubmed reference: 30472742. DOI: 10.1111/evj.13053.
Norton, E.M., Avila, F., Schultz, N.E., Mickelson, J.R., Geor, R.J., McCue, M.E. :
Evaluation of an HMGA2 variant for pleiotropic effects on height and metabolic traits in ponies. J Vet Intern Med 33:942-952, 2019. Pubmed reference: 30666754. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15403.
Ragno, V.M., Zello, G.A., Klein, C.D., Montgomery, J.B. :
From table to stable: A comparative review of selected aspects of human and equine metabolic syndrome. J Equine Vet Sci 79:131-138, 2019. Pubmed reference: 31405493. DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.06.003.
Rodríguez-Sanz, C.E., Sevane, N., Dunner, S. :
Genetics of equine metabolic syndrome. Vet Rec 185:148, 2019. Pubmed reference: 31371685. DOI: 10.1136/vr.l4725.
2017 Lewis, S.L., Holl, H.M., Streeter, C., Posbergh, C., Schanbacher, B.J., Place, N.J., Mallicote, M.F., Long, M.T., Brooks, S.A. :
Genomewide association study reveals a risk locus for equine metabolic syndrome in the Arabian horse. J Anim Sci 95:1071-1079, 2017. Pubmed reference: 28380523. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1221.
2015 Morgan, R., Keen, J., McGowan, C. :
Equine metabolic syndrome. Vet Rec 177:173-9, 2015. Pubmed reference: 26273009. DOI: 10.1136/vr.103226.
2012 Johnson, P.J., Wiedmeyer, C.E., LaCarrubba, A., Ganjam, V.K., Messer, N.T. :
Diabetes, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in horses. J Diabetes Sci Technol 6:534-40, 2012. Pubmed reference: 22768883.
2011 Frank, N. :
Equine metabolic syndrome. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 27:73-92, 2011. Pubmed reference: 21392655. DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2010.12.004.
2010 Frank, N., Geor, R.J., Bailey, S.R., Durham, A.E., Johnson, P.J. :
Equine metabolic syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 24:467-75, 2010. Pubmed reference: 20384947. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0503.x.
2002 Johnson, P.J. :
The equine metabolic syndrome peripheral Cushing's syndrome. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 18:271-93, 2002. Pubmed reference: 15635908. DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0739(02)00006-8.

Edit History


  • Created by Carrie Finno on 11 Dec 2013
  • Changed by Carrie Finno on 11 Dec 2013
  • Changed by Imke Tammen2 on 22 Aug 2021
  • Changed by Imke Tammen2 on 28 Aug 2021
  • Changed by Imke Tammen2 on 08 May 2023
  • Changed by Imke Tammen2 on 29 May 2023