OMIA:002033-9913 : Casein, beta in Bos taurus (taurine cattle) |
In other species: indicine cattle (zebu) , goat , water buffalo
Categories: Endocrine / exocrine gland phene (incl mammary gland)
Links to possible relevant human trait(s) and/or gene(s) in OMIM: 115460 (gene)
Mendelian trait/disorder: yes
Mode of inheritance: Autosomal co-dominant
Disease-related: no
Key variant known: yes
Cross-species summary: Phene was renamed from 'A2 milk' to Casein beta [18/2/2023]
Species-specific name: A2 milk
Molecular basis: Gallinet et al. (2013): c.245A>C; p.H82P (with respect to accession no. M55158; was previously p.H67P)
Associated gene:
| Symbol | Description | Species | Chr | Location | OMIA gene details page | Other Links |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CSN2 | casein beta | Bos taurus | 6 | NC_037333.1 (85457699..85449178) | CSN2 | Homologene, Ensembl , NCBI gene |
Variants
By default, variants are sorted chronologically by year of publication, to provide a historical perspective.
Readers can re-sort on any column by clicking on the column header. Click it again to sort in a descending
order. To create a multiple-field sort, hold down Shift while clicking on the second, third etc relevant column
headers.
WARNING! Inclusion of a variant in this table does not automatically mean that it should be used for DNA testing. Anyone contemplating the use of any of these variants for DNA testing should examine critically the relevant evidence (especially in breeds other than the breed in which the variant was first described). If it is decided to proceed, the location and orientation of the variant sequence should be checked very carefully.
Since October 2021, OMIA includes a semiautomated lift-over pipeline to facilitate updates of genomic positions to a recent reference genome position. These changes to genomic positions are not always reflected in the ‘acknowledgements’ or ‘verbal description’ fields in this table.
| OMIA Variant ID | Breed(s) | Variant Phenotype | Gene | Allele | Type of Variant | Source of Genetic Variant | Reference Sequence | Chr. | g. or m. | c. or n. | p. | Verbal Description | EVA ID | Year Published | PubMed ID(s) | Acknowledgements |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 220 | A2 milk | CSN2 | A2 | missense | Naturally occurring variant | ARS-UCD1.2 | 6 | g.85451298T>G | c.245A>C | p.(H82P) | Note that cattle cannot be genotyped for the A2 allele solely on the basis of the c.245A>C variant because this variant is common to 4 other alleles; see Table 2 of Caroli et al. (2009) J. Dairy Sci. 92, 5335-5352 (Matt McClure, pers. comm.) | rs43703011 | 2013 | 23102962 | Variant coordinates obtained from or confirmed by EBI's Some Effect Predictor (VEP) tool |
Cite this entry
Nicholas, F. W., Tammen, I., & Sydney Informatics Hub. (2023). OMIA:002033-9913: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) [dataset]. https://omia.org/. https://doi.org/10.25910/2AMR-PV70
References
Note: the references are listed in reverse chronological order (from the most recent year to the earliest year), and alphabetically by first author within a year.
| 2024 | Bolat, E., Eker, F., Yılmaz, S., Karav, S., Oz, E., Brennan, C., Proestos, C., Zeng, M., Oz, F. : |
| BCM-7: Opioid-like peptide with potential role in disease mechanisms. Molecules 29:2161, 2024. Pubmed reference: 38731652. DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092161. | |
| Borş, A., Borş, S.I., Floriștean, V.C. : | |
| Health-related outcomes and molecular methods for the characterization of A1 and A2 cow's milk: review and update. Vet Sci 11:172, 2024. Pubmed reference: 38668439. DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040172. | |
| Dantas, A., Pierezan, M.D., Camelo-Silva, C., Zanetti, V., Pimentel, T.C., da Cruz, A.G., Verruck, S. : | |
| A discussion on A1-free milk: Nuances and comments beyond implications to the health. Adv Food Nutr Res 110:S1043-4526(24)00001-9:197-241, 2024. Pubmed reference: 38906587. DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2024.01.001. | |
| Gard, F., Flad, L.M., Weißer, T., Ammer, H., Deeg, C.A. : | |
| Effects of A1 milk, A2 milk and the opioid-like peptide β-casomorphin-7 on the proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biomolecules 14:690, 2024. Pubmed reference: 38927093. DOI: 10.3390/biom14060690. | |
| Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh, N. : | |
| Evidence of additive genetic variation for major milk proteins in dairy cows: A meta-analysis. J Anim Breed Genet 141:379-389, 2024. Pubmed reference: 38230949. DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12850. | |
| Hewa Nadugala, B., Hepworth, G., Mazzonetto, M., Nebl, T., Pagel, C.N., Raynes, J.K., Ranadheera, C.S., Logan, A. : | |
| Effect of composition, casein genetic variants and glycosylation degree on bovine milk whipping properties. Food Res Int 179:S0963-9969(24)00019-X:113949, 2024. Pubmed reference: 38342518. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.113949. | |
| Reiche, A.M., Martín-Hernández, M.C., Spengler Neff, A., Bapst, B., Fleuti, C., Dohme-Meier, F., Hess, H.D., Egger, L., Portmann, R. : | |
| The A1/A2 β-casein genotype of cows, but not their horn status, influences peptide generation during simulated digestion of milk. J Dairy Sci 107:6425-6436, 2024. Pubmed reference: 38490553. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24403. | |
| Sun, Y., Ding, Y., Liu, B., Guo, J., Su, Y., Yang, X., Man, C., Zhang, Y., Jiang, Y. : | |
| Recent advances in the bovine β-casein gene mutants on functional characteristics and nutritional health of dairy products: Status, challenges, and prospects. Food Chem 443:S0308-8146(24)00158-4:138510, 2024. Pubmed reference: 38281416. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138510. | |
| 2023 | Ardicli, S., Aldevir, O., Aksu, E., Gumen, A. : |
| The variation in the beta-casein genotypes and its effect on milk yield and genomic values in Holstein-Friesian cows. Anim Biotechnol 34:4116-4125, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37830164. DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2267614. | |
| Arens, S.C., Sharpe, K.T., Schutz, M.M., Hardie, L.C., Dechow, C.C., Heins, B.J. : | |
| Relationships of beta-casein genetics with production, fertility, and survival of purebred organic Holstein dairy cows. JDS Commun 4:458-463, 2023. Pubmed reference: 38045903. DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0367. | |
| Bengtsson, C., Stålhammar, H., Thomasen, J.R., Fikse, W.F., Strandberg, E., Eriksson, S. : | |
| Mating allocations in Holstein combining genomic information and linear programming optimization at the herd level. J Dairy Sci 106:3359-3375, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37028963. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22926. | |
| Dantas, A., Kumar, H., Prudencio, E.S., de Avila, L.B., Orellana-Palma, P., Dosoky, N.S., Nepovimova, E., Kuča, K., Cruz-Martins, N., Verma, R., Manickam, S., Valko, M., Kumar, D. : | |
| An approach on detection, quantification, technological properties, and trends market of A2 cow milk. Food Res Int 167:112690, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37087212. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112690. | |
| de Jesus, B.A.P., Echeverri, L.M.S., Magalhães, M.L.B., Silva, G.F.D. : | |
| Generation and characterization of avian IgY antibodies for detecting beta-casein A1 in bovine milk. Anal Biochem 678:115283, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37572840. DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115283. | |
| Dettori, M.L., Pazzola, M., Noce, A., Landi, V., Vacca, G.M. : | |
| Variations in casein genes are associated with milk protein and fat contents in Sarda goats (Capra hircus), with an important role of CSN1S2 for milk yield. Animals (Basel) 14:56, 2023. Pubmed reference: 38200787. DOI: 10.3390/ani14010056. | |
| Gai, N., Uniacke-Lowe, T., O'Regan, J., Goulding, D., Kelly, A.L. : | |
| Influence of β-CN genotype on physicochemical properties and functionality of bovine milk. J Dairy Sci 106:8357-8367, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37641250. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23687. | |
| Gonzales-Malca, J.A., Tirado-Kulieva, V.A., Abanto-López, M.S., Aldana-Juárez, W.L., Palacios-Zapata, C.M. : | |
| Worldwide research on the health effects of bovine milk containing A1 and A2 β-casein: Unraveling the current scenario and future trends through bibliometrics and text mining. Curr Res Food Sci 7:100602, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37790856. DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100602. | |
| Khan, R., De, S., Dewangan, R., Tamboli, R., Gupta, R. : | |
| Potential status of A1 and A2 variants of bovine beta-casein gene in milk samples of Indian cattle breeds. Anim Biotechnol 34:4878-4884, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37071545. DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2200502. | |
| Kulibaba, R., Sakhatskyi, M., Liashenko, Y. : | |
| Comparative analysis of A1 and A2 allele detection efficiency for bovine CSN2 gene by AS-PCR methods. Acta Biochim Pol 70:205-209, 2023. Pubmed reference: 36773313. DOI: 10.18388/abp.2020_6530. | |
| Raschia, M.A., Caffaro, M.E., Rossi, Ú.A., Poli, M.A. : | |
| Modification of a previously patented method to unequivocally score A2-like and A1-like bovine β-casein variants. MethodsX 10:102183, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37424753. DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102183. | |
| Singh, M.K., Kumar, A., Nimmanapalli, R., Hooda, A. : | |
| Probing of alpha, beta and kappa-caseins polymorphic variants in Gangatiri cow milk with the use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and HRAMS. J Dairy Res :1-4, 2023. Pubmed reference: 36799205. DOI: 10.1017/S0022029923000079. | |
| Teixeira, D.P., Costa, R.B., de Camargo, G.M.F. : | |
| Guzerat indicine cattle and A2 milk production. Anim Biotechnol 34:467-469, 2023. Pubmed reference: 34370616. DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1962336. | |
| Vigolo, V., Visentin, E., Ballancin, E., Lopez-Villalobos, N., Penasa, M., De Marchi, M. : | |
| β-Casein A1 and A2: Effects of polymorphism on the cheese-making process. J Dairy Sci 106:5276-5287, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37291039. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23072. | |
| Watanabe, A., Munakata, K., Muto, M., Kuramoto, T. : | |
| A highly sensitive PCR method for A1 allele detection in A2 milk samples without DNA isolation. Anim Sci J 94:e13846, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37354025. DOI: 10.1111/asj.13846. | |
| 2022 | Ayaz, Suhail, SM, Ahmad, I, Zeb, MT, Khan, R, Ijaz, A, Ahmad, I, Riaz, MH, Ali, F, Khan, K, Khan, A : |
| Detection of A2A2 genotype of beta casein protein (CSN2) gene in local, exotic and cross bred cattle in Pakistan. Anim Biotechnol 34:1462-1473, 2022. Pubmed reference: 35235484. DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2031204. | |
| Giribaldi, M., Lamberti, C., Cirrincione, S., Giuffrida, M.G., Cavallarin, L. : | |
| A2 milk and BCM-7 peptide as emerging parameters of milk quality. Front Nutr 9:842375, 2022. Pubmed reference: 35571904. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.842375. | |
| 2021 | de Oliveira, L.S.M., Alves, J.S., Bastos, M.S., da Cruz, V.A.R., Pinto, L.F.B., Tonhati, H., Costa, R.B., de Camargo, G.M.F. : |
| Water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) only have A2A2 genotype for beta-casein. Trop Anim Health Prod 53:145, 2021. Pubmed reference: 33511501. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02591-9. | |
| Gai, N., Uniacke-Lowe, T., O'Regan, J., Faulkner, H., Kelly, A.L. : | |
| Effect of protein genotypes on physicochemical properties and protein gunctionality of bovine milk: A review. Foods 10:2409, 2021. Pubmed reference: 34681458. DOI: 10.3390/foods10102409. | |
| Hockey, M., Aslam, H., Berk, M., Pasco, J.A., Ruusunen, A., Mohebbi, M., Macpherson, H., Chatterton, M.L., Marx, W., O'Neil, A., Rocks, T., McGuinness, A.J., Young, L.M., Jacka, F.N. : | |
| The Moo'D Study: protocol for a randomised controlled trial of A2 beta-casein only versus conventional dairy products in women with low mood. Trials 22:899, 2021. Pubmed reference: 34895297. DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05812-6. | |
| Kay, S.S., Delgado, S., Mittal, J., Eshraghi, R.S., Mittal, R., Eshraghi, A.A. : | |
| Beneficial effects of milk having A2 β-casein protein: Myth or reality? J Nutr 151:1061-1072, 2021. Pubmed reference: 33693747. DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa454. | |
| Mayer, H.K., Lenz, K., Halbauer, E.M. : | |
| "A2 milk" authentication using isoelectric focusing and different PCR techniques. Food Res Int 147:110523, 2021. Pubmed reference: 34399501. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110523. | |
| 2020 | Yadav, S., Yadav, N.D.S., Gheware, A., Kulshreshtha, A., Sharma, P., Singh, V.P. : |
| Oral feeding of cow milk containing A1 variant of β casein induces pulmonary inflammation in male Balb/c Mice. Sci Rep 10:8053, 2020. Pubmed reference: 32415285. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64997-z. | |
| 2019 | Cieślińska, A., Fiedorowicz, E., Zwierzchowski, G., Kordulewska, N., Jarmołowska, B., Kostyra, E. : |
| Genetic Polymorphism of β-Casein Gene in Polish Red Cattle-Preliminary Study of A1 and A2 Frequency in Genetic Conservation Herd. Animals (Basel) 9:377, 2019. Pubmed reference: 31226807. DOI: 10.3390/ani9060377. | |
| 2017 | Brooke-Taylor, S., Dwyer, K., Woodford, K., Kost, N. : |
| Systematic review of the gastrointestinal effects of A1 compared with A2 β-casein. Adv Nutr 8:739-748, 2017. Pubmed reference: 28916574. DOI: 10.3945/an.116.013953. | |
| Chia, J.S.J., McRae, J.L., Kukuljan, S., Woodford, K., Elliott, R.B., Swinburn, B., Dwyer, K.M. : | |
| A1 beta-casein milk protein and other environmental pre-disposing factors for type 1 diabetes. Nutr Diabetes 7:e274, 2017. Pubmed reference: 28504710. DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2017.16. | |
| Duarte-Vázquez, M.Á., García-Ugalde, C., Villegas-Gutiérrez, L.M., García-Almendárez, B.E., Rosado, J.L. : | |
| Production of Cow's Milk Free from Beta-Casein A1 and Its Application in the Manufacturing of Specialized Foods for Early Infant Nutrition. Foods 6:50, 2017. Pubmed reference: 28704923. DOI: 10.3390/foods6070050. | |
| He, M., Sun, J., Jiang, Z.Q., Yang, Y.X. : | |
| Effects of cow's milk beta-casein variants on symptoms of milk intolerance in Chinese adults: a multicentre, randomised controlled study. Nutr J 16:72, 2017. Pubmed reference: 29070042. DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0275-0. | |
| Kirk, B., Mitchell, J., Jackson, M., Amirabdollahian, F., Alizadehkhaiyat, O., Clifford, T. : | |
| A2 Milk Enhances Dynamic Muscle Function Following Repeated Sprint Exercise, a Possible Ergogenic Aid for A1-Protein Intolerant Athletes? Nutrients 9:94, 2017. Pubmed reference: 28134840. DOI: 10.3390/nu9020094. | |
| Massella, E., Piva, S., Giacometti, F., Liuzzo, G., Zambrini, A.V., Serraino, A. : | |
| Evaluation of bovine beta casein polymorphism in two dairy farms located in northern Italy. Ital J Food Saf 6:6904, 2017. Pubmed reference: 29071248. DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2017.6904. | |
| Rangel, A.H.N., Zaros, L.G., Lima, T.C., Borba, L.H.F., Novaes, L.P., Mota, L.F.M., Silva, M.S. : | |
| Polymorphism in the Beta Casein Gene and analysis of milk characteristicsin Gir and Guzerá dairy cattle. Genet Mol Res 16, 2017. Pubmed reference: 28549202. DOI: 10.4238/gmr16029592. | |
| 2016 | Caroli, A.M., Savino, S., Bulgari, O., Monti, E. : |
| Detecting β-Casein Variation in Bovine Milk. Molecules 21:141, 2016. Pubmed reference: 26821001. DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020141. | |
| Dai, R., Fang, Y., Zhao, W., Liu, S., Ding, J., Xu, K., Yang, L., He, C., Ding, F., Meng, H. : | |
| Identification of alleles and genotypes of beta-casein with DNA sequencing analysis in Chinese Holstein cow. J Dairy Res 83:312-6, 2016. Pubmed reference: 27600965. DOI: 10.1017/S0022029916000303. | |
| Gholami, M., Hafezian, S.H., Rahimi, G., Farhadi, A., Rahimi, Z., Kahrizi, D., Kiani, S., Karim, H., Vaziri, S., Muhammadi, S., Veisi, F., Ghadiri, K., Shetabi, H., Zargooshi, J. : | |
| Allele specific-PCR and melting curve analysis showed relatively high frequency of β-casein gene A1 allele in Iranian Holstein, Simmental and native cows. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 62:138-143, 2016. Pubmed reference: 27894411. DOI: 10.14715/cmb/2016.62.12.23. | |
| Jianqin, S., Leiming, X., Lu, X., Yelland, G.W., Ni, J., Clarke, A. : | |
| Erratum to: 'Effects of milk containing only A2 beta casein versus milk containing both A1 and A2 beta casein proteins on gastrointestinal physiology, symptoms of discomfort, and cognitive behavior of people with self-reported intolerance to traditional cows' milk'. Nutr J 15:45, 2016. Pubmed reference: 27130280. DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0164-y. | |
| Jianqin, S., Leiming, X., Lu, X., Yelland, G.W., Ni, J., Clarke, A.J. : | |
| Effects of milk containing only A2 beta casein versus milk containing both A1 and A2 beta casein proteins on gastrointestinal physiology, symptoms of discomfort, and cognitive behavior of people with self-reported intolerance to traditional cows' milk. Nutr J 15:35, 2016. Pubmed reference: 27039383. DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0147-z. | |
| 2014 | Ho, S., Woodford, K., Kukuljan, S., Pal, S. : |
| Comparative effects of A1 versus A2 beta-casein on gastrointestinal measures: a blinded randomised cross-over pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr 68:994-1000, 2014. Pubmed reference: 24986816. DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.127. | |
| 2013 | Gallinat, J.L., Qanbari, S., Drögemüller, C., Pimentel, E.C., Thaller, G., Tetens, J. : |
| DNA-based identification of novel bovine casein gene variants. J Dairy Sci 96:699-709, 2013. Pubmed reference: 23102962. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5908. | |
| Givens, I., Aikman, P., Gibson, T., Brown, R. : | |
| Proportions of A1, A2, B and C β-casein protein variants in retail milk in the UK. Food Chem 139:549-52, 2013. Pubmed reference: 23561144. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.115. | |
| 2012 | Sodhi, M., Mukesh, M., Kataria, R.S., Mishra, B.P., Joshii, B.K. : |
| Milk proteins and human health: A1/A2 milk hypothesis. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 16:856, 2012. Pubmed reference: 23087884. DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.100685. | |
| 2011 | Clemens, R.A. : |
| Milk A1 and A2 peptides and diabetes. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program 67:187-95, 2011. Pubmed reference: 21335999. DOI: 10.1159/000325584. | |
| 2007 | Kamiński, S., Cieslińska, A., Kostyra, E. : |
| Polymorphism of bovine beta-casein and its potential effect on human health. J Appl Genet 48:189-98, 2007. Pubmed reference: 17666771. DOI: 10.1007/BF03195213. | |
| 2006 | Allison, A.J., Clarke, A.J. : |
| Further research for consideration in 'the A2 milk case'. Eur J Clin Nutr 60:921-4; reply 924-5, 2006. Pubmed reference: 16189549. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602276. | |
| Bell, S.J., Grochoski, G.T., Clarke, A.J. : | |
| Health implications of milk containing beta-casein with the A2 genetic variant. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 46:93-100, 2006. Pubmed reference: 16403684. DOI: 10.1080/10408390591001144. | |
| Woodford, K.B. : | |
| A critique of Truswell's A2 milk review. Eur J Clin Nutr 60:437-9, 2006. Pubmed reference: 16278689. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602322. | |
| 2005 | Truswell, A.S. : |
| The A2 milk case: a critical review. Eur J Clin Nutr 59:623-31, 2005. Pubmed reference: 15867940. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602104. | |
| 2004 | Smith, W.B., Thompson, D., Kummerow, M., Quinn, P., Gold, M.S. : |
| A2 milk is allergenic. Med J Aust 181:574, 2004. Pubmed reference: 15540973. | |
| 1995 | Lindersson, M., Lundén, A., Andersson, L. : |
| Genotyping bovine milk proteins using allele discrimination by primer length and automated DNA sizing technology. Anim Genet 26:67-72, 1995. Pubmed reference: 7733509. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1995.tb02635.x. | |
| 1988 | Bonsing, J., Ring, J.M., Stewart, A.F., Mackinlay, A.G. : |
| Complete nucleotide sequence of the bovine beta-casein gene. Aust J Biol Sci 41:527-37, 1988. Pubmed reference: 3271384. DOI: 10.1071/bi9880527. | |
| 1984 | Ng-Kwai-Hang, K.F., Hayes, J.F., Moxley, J.E., Monardes, H.G. : |
| Association of genetic variants of casein and milk serum proteins with milk, fat, and protein production by dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 67:835-40, 1984. Pubmed reference: 6725728. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(84)81374-0. |
Edit History
- Created by Frank Nicholas on 25 Aug 2016
- Changed by Frank Nicholas on 25 Aug 2016
- Changed by Frank Nicholas on 27 Aug 2016
- Changed by Imke Tammen2 on 22 Aug 2021
- Changed by Imke Tammen2 on 11 Sep 2022
- Changed by Imke Tammen2 on 18 Feb 2023
- Changed by Imke Tammen2 on 23 Apr 2023