In other species: domestic cat

Categories: Integument (skin) phene

Links to possible relevant human trait(s) and/or gene(s) in OMIM: 308050 (trait) , 300275 (gene)

Mendelian trait/disorder: yes

Mode of inheritance: X-linked incomplete dominant

Disease-related: yes

Key variant known: yes

Year key variant first reported: 2017

Species-specific name: Many alias names exist for the phenotype. They include congenital cornification disorder; CHILD nevi; CHILD-like nevi; ILVEN. The human phenotype resulting from NSDHL loss-of-function variants is termed congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects (CHILD syndrome). CHILD syndrome is characterized by epidermal nevi and striking unilateral limb defects. Animals (dogs, cats, mice) with NSDHL variants have similar epidermal nevi, but so far were never reported to also have the limb defects seen in human CHILD syndrome.

Species-specific description: De Lucia et al. (2019): "Veterinary clinicians should be aware of cutaneous mosaicism and consider X-linked genodermatoses when seeing female cases with segmental cutaneous diseases like the one following the Blaschko’s lines."

Inheritance: De Lucia et al. (2019): "In heterozygous females, with an X-linked dominant or semidominant genodermatosis, . . . random inactivation of the X chromosome is responsible for the development of normal and abnormal skin segments distributed in a mosaic pattern. In fact, normal skin derives from progenitor cells in which the X-chromosome carrying the pathogenic variant has been inactivated, whereas stripes or patches of abnormal skin result from progenitor cells after the inactivation of the wild-type (normal) X-chromosome. X-linked cutaneous mosaicism can be heritable and is normally observed in heterozygous females." The trait is embryonic lethal in hemizygous mutant males (Bauer et al. 2017).

Mapping: "Visual inspection of candidate genes located on the X-chromosome" enabled Bauer et al. (2017) to identify "a large deletion in the NSDHL gene, encoding NAD(P) dependent steroid dehydrogenase-like, a 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase involved in cholesterol biosynthesis."

Molecular basis: Bauer et al. (2017):"a deletion spanning 14,399 bp including the last three exons of the NSDHL gene . . . . The formal variant designation is chrX:120,749,179_120,763,577del14,399".
Leuthard et al. (2019) detected a heterozygous missense variant in NSDHL in a female affected Chihuahua, c.700G>A or p.Gly234Arg.
Christen et al. (2020): "A heterozygous frameshift variant, c.718_722delGAACA, was identified in . . . a female Chihuahua cross with a clinical and histological phenotype consistent with progressive epidermal nevi"
Kiener et al. (2024) "describe an Appenzeller Mountain Dog with clinical signs suggestive of an NSDHL defect. ... Genetic investigation revealed a large heterozygous de novo deletion spanning the entire NSDHL gene."

Clinical features: Bauer et al. (2017):"No abnormalities were found on the affected daughter during general physical examination except a stunted growth. Linear hyperplastic and partially alopecic lesions, covered with thick brown scales and clusters of dilated follicular ostia were the most prominent dermatological features (Figure 1). The lesions were distributed along Blaschko’s lines in a bilateral rather symmetrical fashion and were more evident on the limbs, the head, the neck and the dorsal trunk. The abdominal and inguinal skin appeared normal. Frond like hyperkeratotic lesions at the margin of all the pawpads with occasional horn-like projections were considered the most probable cause of the visible lameness. Cytological examination of the linear hyperplastic lesions, revealed the presence of variable numbers of coccoid bacteria and a large number of Malassezia yeasts which were suspected to substantially contribute to the pruritus and the offensive odor. Results of the blood tests and urinalysis were unremarkable." De Lucia et al. (2019): "Alopecic scaly plaques following the Blaschko’s lines on the limbs, the head, the dorsal neck and the trunk, and severe foot pads hyperkeratosis were the most relevant lesions"

Pathology: Bauer et al. (2017):"The histopathological findings were identical in all biopsies . . . . Multifocally, the epidermis and the wall of the hair follicular infundibuli were moderately to severely hyperplastic with abrupt transition to normal skin. Within the hyperplastic area the infundibular epithelium was covered by thick layers of densely packed parakeratotickeratin which was distending the infundibuli. The parakeratotic keratin was often protruding above the epidermal surface. The size of the keratohyalin granules within the granular cell layers of the epidermis and the infundibular wall was within the normal range. Within the parakeratotic keratin, multifocally variable numbers of coccoid bacteria were present and occasionally the lumen of infundibuli contained degenerate neutrophils. Sebaceous glands appeared normal. The interfollicular epidermis was covered by moderate to large amounts of laminar to compact mostly orthokeratotic, but also some parakeratotic keratin. Within the keratin layers of the epidermis multifocally degenerate neutrophils, nuclear debris and small numbers of coccoid bacteria were present. Multifocally exocytosis of neutrophils was seen. Within the superficial dermis there was a mild pigmentary incontinence and a moderate perivascular infiltrate composed of neutrophils, mast cells and fewer lymphocytes."

Breeds: Appenzeller Sennenhund (Dog) (VBO_0200068), Chihuahua (Dog) (VBO_0200338), Labrador Retriever (Dog) (VBO_0200800), Mixed Breed (Dog) (VBO_0200902).
Breeds in which the phene has been documented. (If a likely causal variant has been documented for the phene, see the variant table breeds in which the variant has been reported).

Associated gene: