In other species: dog , pig

Categories: Skeleton phene (incl. short stature & teeth)

Links to possible relevant human trait(s) and/or gene(s) in OMIM: 264700 (trait) , 609506 (gene)

Links to relevant human diseases in MONDO:

• MONDO:0020723: vitamin D-dependent rickets, type 1A

Mendelian trait/disorder: yes

Mode of inheritance: Autosomal recessive

Disease-related: yes

Key variant known: yes

Year key variant first reported: 2009

Cross-species summary: Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) is synthesised in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol by the action of UV radiation from sunlight. Cholecalciferol, however, has very little biological activity: it requires two hydroxylations in order to become (biologically) active. The first hydroxylation, catalysed by cholecalciferol 25-hydroxylase, occurs in the liver. The second of these hydroxylations occurs in the kidney under the action of the enzyme 25-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol 1-hydroxylase. The resultant active form of vitamin D (called 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or 1,25(OH)sub2D) is a steroid hormone that plays a vital role in whole-body calcium homeostasis. Vitamin D-deficieny rickets, type 1A (previously known as Pseudo-vitamin D deficiency rickets) is an inherited deficiency of the 1-hydroxylase enzyme, due to mutations in the gene that encodes this enzyme, namely CYP27B1. As expected, this deficiency results in clinical signs indistinguishable from those seen in individuals suffering from non-genetic lack of vitamin D, most commonly resulting from a dietary deficiency of calcium or insufficient exposure to sunlight. The clinical signs of rickets (inherited and non-genetic) arise from defects in calcium homeostasis. The most noticeable effects include a failure of calcification of bones (leading to bowing of limbs) and delayed dentition.

Species-specific name: Osteomalacia

Species-specific symbol: VDDRI

Molecular basis: Giesen et al. (2009) reported an affected cat with two mutations in the CYP27B1 gene: a missense mutation (Val75Met) and a single base deletion (731delG), the latter of which is more likely to be the cause of the clinical signs. Grahn et al. (2012) reported a second causative mutation also in exon 4 of the same gene: "exon 4 G637T nonsense mutation results in a premature protein truncation, changing a glutamic acid to a stop codon, E213X, likely causing the clinical presentation of rickets."

Clinical features: Gahn et al. (2012): "A 3-month-old female Siamese mix was referred ... with clinical signs including lethargy, obstipation, pelvic limb gait abnormality and evidence of generalized pain/sensitivity. Orthogonal radiographic imaging indicated marked osteopenia and radiolucency of the femoral necks, capital and distal physis, distal femur and proximal tibia. Additionally, pelvic asymmetry was observed ... . ... complete blood counts were within normal ranges while ... elevated alkaline phosphatase ... and creatinine phosphokinase ... and decreased calcium ... [were reported].

Breeds: Domestic Shorthair, Siamese X.
Breeds in which the phene has been documented. (If a likely causal variant has been documented for the phene, see the variant table breeds in which the variant has been reported).

Associated gene: