OMIA:001543-9615 : Dyskinesia, paroxysmal in Canis lupus familiaris (dog) |
In other species: domestic cat
Categories: Behaviour / neurological phene
Single-gene trait/disorder: no
Mode of inheritance: Multifactorial
Disease-related: yes
Key variant known: no
Cross-species summary: episodic movement disorder
Species-specific name: Scottie cramp
Mapping: Jenkins et al. (2024) "conducted a preliminary genome-wide association study (GWAS) aiming to identify [paroxysmal dyskinesia] PxD-associated loci in Norwich Terriers ... . ... preliminary GWAS suggests that PxD in the Norwich Terrier is not likely to be a single-gene disorder, and may be multigenic or complex."
Breeds:
Dachshund (Dog) (VBO_0200406),
Norwich Terrier (Dog) (VBO_0200962).
Breeds in which the phene or likely causal variants have been documented. If a likely causal variant has been documented, see variant-specific breed information in the variant table. (Breed information may be incomplete).
Contact us
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Cite this entry
Nicholas, F. W., Tammen, I., & Sydney Informatics Hub. (2026). OMIA:001543-9615: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) [dataset]. https://omia.org/. https://doi.org/10.25910/2AMR-PV70
References
Note: the references are listed in reverse chronological order (from the most recent year to the earliest year), and alphabetically by first author within a year.
| 2026 | Boyd, B., Corsini, G., Polidoro, D., Bhatti, S.F.M., Grapes, N., Alza, D., Motta, L., Formoso, S., De Decker, S., Bertram, S., Gilbert, S., Karpozilou, A., Douralidou, D., Santifort, K., De Frias, J.M., Bongers, J., Kaczmarska, A., Liatis, T. : |
| Phenotypic features of paroxysmal dyskinesia in Dachshund dogs: 62 cases (2017-2025). J Vet Intern Med 40:aalag195, 2026. Pubmed reference: 42685337. DOI: 10.1093/jvimsj/aalag195. | |
| 2024 | Jenkins, C.A., De Risio, L., Dietschi, E., Leeb, T., Rytz, U., Schawalder, P., Schoenebeck, J.J., Mellersh, C.S., Ricketts, S.L. : |
| A preliminary genome-wide association study of paroxysmal dyskinesia in the Norwich Terrier. Anim Genet 55:914-917, 2024. Pubmed reference: 39394913. DOI: 10.1111/age.13479. | |
| Kim, M., Cho, H., Kim, U., Choen, S., Yun, Y., Song, W.J. : | |
| Suspected paroxysmal dyskinesia in four small-breed dogs: Clinical presentation, diagnosis, management and prognosis. Vet Med Sci 10:e70015, 2024. Pubmed reference: 39254119. DOI: 10.1002/vms3.70015. | |
| Mandigers, P.J.J., Santifort, K.M., Lowrie, M., Garosi, L. : | |
| Canine paroxysmal dyskinesia-a review. Front Vet Sci 11:1441332, 2024. Pubmed reference: 39119350. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1441332. | |
| 2023 | Baptista da Silva, C., Hermans, M., Ruiz-Suárez, N., Verdoodt, F., Bhatti, S.F.M., Hesta, M. : |
| Long-term nutritional management of an obese German Spitz with paroxysmal dyskinesia, calcium oxalate urolithiasis, and suspected pancreatitis-A case report. Front Vet Sci 10:1054251, 2023. Pubmed reference: 36998641. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1054251. | |
| Liatis, T., De Decker, S. : | |
| Dystonic head tremor in paroxysmal dyskinesia in 17 dogs (2021-2023). Vet Rec 193:e3407, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37643282. DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3407. | |
| Rogers, C.B., Meyerhoff, N., Volk, H.A. : | |
| Gluten serological testing in various dog breeds with paroxysmal dyskinesia. Front Vet Sci 10:1119441, 2023. Pubmed reference: 36937013. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1119441. | |
| 2022 | Santifort, K.M., Mandigers, P.J.J. : |
| Dystonia in veterinary neurology. J Vet Intern Med 36:1872-1881, 2022. Pubmed reference: 36086931. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16532. | |
| Whittaker, D.E., Volk, H.A., De Decker, S., Fenn, J. : | |
| Clinical characterisation of a novel paroxysmal dyskinesia in Welsh terrier dogs. Vet J 281:105801, 2022. Pubmed reference: 35150842. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105801. | |
| 2021 | Cerda-Gonzalez, S., Packer, R.A., Garosi, L., Lowrie, M., Mandigers, P.J.J., O'Brien, D.P., Volk, H.A. : |
| International veterinary canine dyskinesia task force ECVN consensus statement: Terminology and classification. J Vet Intern Med 35:1218-1230, 2021. Pubmed reference: 33769611. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16108. | |
| 2017 | Santifort, KM, Lowrie, M : |
| Paroxysmal non‐kinesigenic dyskinesia characterised by dystonia in a crossbred dog. Vet Rec Case Rep 5:e000429, 2017. | |
| Stassen, Q.E.M., Koskinen, L.L.E., van Steenbeek, F.G., Seppälä, E.H., Jokinen, T.S., Prins, P.G.M., Bok, H.G.J., Zandvliet, M.M.J.M., Vos-Loohuis, M., Leegwater, P.A.J., Lohi, H. : | |
| Paroxysmal dyskinesia in Border Terriers: Clinical, epidemiological, and genetic investigations. J Vet Intern Med 31:1123-1131, 2017. Pubmed reference: 28703446. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14731. | |
| 2016 | De Risio, L., Forman, O.P., Mellersh, C.S., Freeman, J. : |
| Paroxysmal dyskinesia in Norwich terrier dogs. Mov Disord Clin Pract 3:573-579, 2016. Pubmed reference: 30838250. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12334. | |
| Lowrie, M., Garosi, L. : | |
| Natural history of canine paroxysmal movement disorders in Labrador retrievers and Jack Russell terriers. Vet J 213:33-7, 2016. Pubmed reference: 27240912. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.03.007. | |
| 2015 | Urkasemsin, G., Olby, N.J. : |
| Clinical characteristics of Scottie Cramp in 31 cases. J Small Anim Pract 56:276-80, 2015. Pubmed reference: 25599802. DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12317. | |
| 2014 | Black, V., Garosi, L., Lowrie, M., Harvey, R.J., Gale, J. : |
| Phenotypic characterisation of canine epileptoid cramping syndrome in the Border terrier. J Small Anim Pract 55:102-7, 2014. Pubmed reference: 24372194. DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12170. | |
| Guevar, J., De Decker, S., Van Ham, L.M., Fischer, A., Volk, H.A. : | |
| Idiopathic head tremor in English bulldogs. Mov Disord 29:191-4, 2014. Pubmed reference: 24375621. DOI: 10.1002/mds.25767. | |
| 2011 | Wolf, M., Bruehschwein, A., Sauter-Louis, C., Sewell, A.C., Fischer, A. : |
| An inherited episodic head tremor syndrome in Doberman pinscher dogs. Mov Disord 26:2381-6, 2011. Pubmed reference: 21915908. DOI: 10.1002/mds.23936. | |
| 2010 | Packer, R.A., Patterson, E.E., Taylor, J.F., Coates, J.R., Schnabel, R.D., O'Brien, D.P. : |
| Characterization and mode of inheritance of a paroxysmal dyskinesia in Chinook dogs. J Vet Intern Med 24:1305-13, 2010. Pubmed reference: 21054538. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0629.x. | |
| 2001 | Penderis, J., Franklin, R.J. : |
| Dyskinesia in an adult bichon frise. J Small Anim Pract 42:24-5, 2001. Pubmed reference: 11219819. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2001.tb01979.x. | |
| 1983 | Herrtage, M.E., Palmer, A.C. : |
| Episodic falling in the cavalier King Charles spaniel. Vet Rec 112:458-9, 1983. Pubmed reference: 6868317. DOI: 10.1136/vr.112.19.458. | |
| 1969 | Meyers, K.M., Lund, J.E., Padgett, G.A. : |
| Hyperkinetic episodes in Scottish Terrier dogs J Am Vet Med Assoc 155:129-33, 1969. Pubmed reference: 5816228. |
Edit History
- Created by Frank Nicholas on 11 May 2011
- Changed by Frank Nicholas on 06 Aug 2016
- Changed by Imke Tammen on 22 Aug 2021
- Changed by Imke Tammen on 12 Jan 2023
- Changed by Imke Tammen on 14 Oct 2024
- Changed by Imke Tammen on 04 Sep 2026