OMIA:002133-9615 : Skeletal dysplasia, FGF4-retrogene-related in Canis lupus familiaris (dog)

Categories: Skeleton phene (incl. short stature & teeth)

Single-gene trait/disorder: yes

Mode of inheritance: Autosomal

Disease-related: yes

Key variant known: yes

Year key variant first reported: 2017

Cross-species summary: A form of disproportionate dwarfism, characterized by short limbs, chondrodystrophy

Species-specific description: "Two FGF4 retrogenes (FGF4L1 on chromosome 18 and FGF4L2 on chromosome 12) have been identified to cause dwarfism across many dog breeds. Some breeds are nearly homozygous for both retrogenes (e.g., Dachshunds) and others are homozygous for just one (e.g., Beagles and Scottish Terriers)" (Bannasch et al., 2022)

Inheritance: Bannasch et al. (2022): "Using individual measurements of height at the shoulder, back length, head width, thorax depth and width, and thoracic limb measurements, we evaluated the combined effects of FGF4 retrogenes [FGF4L1 and FGF4L2] within" two breeds that segregate both retrogenes, namely Alpine Dachsbracke and the Schweizer Niederlaufhund. They found that "both retrogenes had significant effects reducing height at the shoulders and antebrachial length, with FGF4L1 having a much greater effect than FGF4L2. FGF4L1 alone influenced the degree of carpal valgus and FGF4L2 alone increased head width. Neither retrogene had an effect on thorax width or depth."

Mapping: Brown et al. (2017) reported that a "genome-wide association analysis in a cohort of Nova Scotia duck tolling retrievers (NSDTRs) with and without severe SD identified a significant association on CFA12 due to a 12-Mb associated haplotype, of which 1.9 Mb was found to be shared in chondrodystrophoid breeds."

Molecular basis: Brown et al. (2017): an FGF4 retrogene insertion in chromosome CFA12 (12: g.33710178_33710179insMF040221.1; CanFam3) is "responsible for SD [skeletal dysplasia] in NSDTR [Nova Scotia Duck Tolling retrievers] . . . the insertion on CFA12 is 3,209 bp long (GenBank accession no. MF040221) and includes parental FGF4 cDNA (i.e., FGF4 exons spliced without introns) . . . . The insert also contains a majority of the predicted 5′-untranslated region (UTR), which includes the transcription start site (TSS) as only PCR primers FGF4_TSS.F1 and FGF4.R1 yielded a product in RT-PCR using cDNA from neonatal beagle IVD . . . . The insertion location is intergenic between the 3′-UTR of OGFRL1 ∼9.5 kb on the proximal side and ∼350 kb to the RIMS1 gene on the distal side." Because the retrogene is not included in NCBI's Gene database, the table below lists the normal FGF4 gene.

Clinical features: Brown et al. (2017): "Relative to the unaffected dog, the mildly SD-affected NSDTR has cranial bowing of the radius. Radiographic changes in the more severely SD-affected NSDTR include moderate cranial bowing of the radius, physeal widening, and incongruity of the elbow joint with the shape of the semilunar notch of the ulna being elongated."

Control: Bannash et al. (2022) recommend that "Selectively breeding dogs with FGF4L1 and without FGF4L2 would likely lead to a reduction in the FGF4L2-related risk of intervertebral disc herniation while maintaining the reduction in leg length resulting from FGF4L1."

Breed: Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever (Dog) (VBO_0200964).
Breeds in which the phene has been documented. (If a likely causal variant has been documented for the phene, see the variant table breeds in which the variant has been reported).

Associated gene:

Symbol Description Species Chr Location OMIA gene details page Other Links
FGF4 retrogene on CFA12 Canis lupus familiaris - no genomic information (-..-) FGF4 retrogene on CFA12 Ensembl

Variants

By default, variants are sorted chronologically by year of publication, to provide a historical perspective. Readers can re-sort on any column by clicking on the column header. Click it again to sort in a descending order. To create a multiple-field sort, hold down Shift while clicking on the second, third etc relevant column headers.

WARNING! Inclusion of a variant in this table does not automatically mean that it should be used for DNA testing. Anyone contemplating the use of any of these variants for DNA testing should examine critically the relevant evidence (especially in breeds other than the breed in which the variant was first described). If it is decided to proceed, the location and orientation of the variant sequence should be checked very carefully.

Since October 2021, OMIA includes a semiautomated lift-over pipeline to facilitate updates of genomic positions to a recent reference genome position. These changes to genomic positions are not always reflected in the ‘acknowledgements’ or ‘verbal description’ fields in this table.

OMIA Variant ID Breed(s) Variant Phenotype Gene Allele Type of Variant Source of Genetic Variant Reference Sequence Chr. g. or m. c. or n. p. Verbal Description EVA ID Year Published PubMed ID(s) Acknowledgements
853 Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever (Dog) Skeletal dysplasia, FGF4-retrogene-related FGF4 retrogene on CFA12 FGF4L2 insertion, gross (>20) Naturally occurring variant CanFam3.1 12 " the insertion on CFA12 is 3,209 bp long (GenBank accession no. MF040221) and includes parental FGF4 cDNA (i.e., FGF4 exons spliced without introns) . . . ." 200922: g. info moved here (g.33710178_33710179insMF040221) until can be standardised 2017 29073074

Cite this entry

Nicholas, F. W., Tammen, I., & Sydney Informatics Hub. (2022). OMIA:002133-9615: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) [dataset]. https://omia.org/. https://doi.org/10.25910/2AMR-PV70

References

Note: the references are listed in reverse chronological order (from the most recent year to the earliest year), and alphabetically by first author within a year.

2022 Bannasch, D., Batcher, K., Leuthard, F., Bannasch, M., Hug, P., Marcellin-Little, D.J., Dickinson, P.J., Drögemüller, M., Drögemüller, C., Leeb, T. :
The effects of FGF4 retrogenes on canine morphology. Genes (Basel) 13:325, 2022. Pubmed reference: 35205370. DOI: 10.3390/genes13020325.
2019 Tellegen, A.R., Dessing, A.J., Houben, K., Riemers, F.M., Creemers, L.B., Mastbergen, S.C., Meij, B.P., Miranda-Bedate, A., Tryfonidou, M.A. :
The dog as a model for osteoarthritis: the FGF4 retrogene insertion may matter. J Orthop Res 37:2550-2560, 2019. Pubmed reference: 31373395. DOI: 10.1002/jor.24432.
2017 Brown, E.A., Dickinson, P.J., Mansour, T., Sturges, B.K., Aguilar, M., Young, A.E., Korff, C., Lind, J., Ettinger, C.L., Varon, S., Pollard, R., Brown, C.T., Raudsepp, T., Bannasch, D.L. :
FGF4 retrogene on CFA12 is responsible for chondrodystrophy and intervertebral disc disease in dogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114:11476-11481, 2017. Pubmed reference: 29073074. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1709082114.
1975 Braund, K.G., Ghosh, P., Taylor, T.K.F., Larsen, L.H. :
Morphological studies of the canine intervertebral disc: the assignment of the Beagle to the achondroplastic classification Res Vet Sci 19:167-72, 1975. Pubmed reference: 1166121.
1952 Hansen, H.J. :
A pathologic-anatomical study on disc degeneration in dog, with special reference to the so-called enchondrosis intervertebralis. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 11:1-117, 1952. Pubmed reference: 14923291. DOI: 10.3109/ort.1952.23.suppl-11.01.
1951 Hansen, H.J. :
A pathologic-anatomical interpretation of disc degeneration in dogs. Acta Orthop Scand 20:280-93, 1951. Pubmed reference: 14894198. DOI: 10.3109/17453675108991175.

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