OMIA:002410-9823 : CMAH enzyme deficiency in Sus scrofa (pig) |
In other species: taurine cattle
Categories: Immune system phene
Links to possible relevant human trait(s) and/or gene(s) in OMIM: 603209 (gene)
Mendelian trait/disorder: yes
Disease-related: no
Key variant known: no
Cross-species summary: N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc), a sialic acid involved in cell-cell recognition and cell-pathogen interactions, is abundantly expressed in most mammals but is not detectable in humans. The synthesis of NeuGc is controlled by cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) activity. The enzyme CMAH is inactivated in humans by a deletion.
Species-specific description: Tu et al. (2022): "red meat cell surface expresses ... N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc; nonhuman glycan) [Jahan et al. 2021], which, once absorbed, is incorporated on the surface of human cells [Tangvoranuntaku et al., 2003] and elicits chronic inflammation, causing a major risk of colorectal cancer and atherosclerosis development [Alisson-Silva et al., 2016]. Transforming Neu5Gc to Neu5Ac (the human form) in pigs through the KO of the responsible CMAH gene has been a goal of xenotransplantation, and in animal production, this would transform red meat into white since poultry and fish also show the Neu5Ac form." This phene includes references to studies involving genetically modified organisms (GMO).
Genetic engineering:
Yes - variants have been created artificially, e.g. by genetic engineering or gene editing
Have human generated variants been created, e.g. through genetic engineering and gene editing
Associated gene:
| Symbol | Description | Species | Chr | Location | OMIA gene details page | Other Links |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMAH | cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase | Sus scrofa | 7 | NC_010449.5 (19917761..19879367) | CMAH | Homologene, Ensembl , NCBI gene |
Cite this entry
Nicholas, F. W., Tammen, I., & Sydney Informatics Hub. (2023). OMIA:002410-9823: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) [dataset]. https://omia.org/. https://doi.org/10.25910/2AMR-PV70
References
Note: the references are listed in reverse chronological order (from the most recent year to the earliest year), and alphabetically by first author within a year.
| 2024 | Raza, S.S., Hara, H., Eyestone, W., Ayares, D., Cleveland, D.C., Cooper, D.K.C. : |
| Pigs in transplantation research and their potential as sources of organs in clinical xenotransplantation. Comp Med 74:33-48, 2024. Pubmed reference: 38359908. DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-CM-23-000030. | |
| Xu, J., Ren, J., Xu, K., Fang, M., Ka, M., Xu, F., Wang, X., Wang, J., Han, Z., Feng, G., Zhang, Y., Hai, T., Li, W., Hu, Z. : | |
| Elimination of GGTA1, CMAH, β4GalNT2 and CIITA genes in pigs compromises human versus pig xenogeneic immune reactions. Animal Model Exp Med 7:584-590, 2024. Pubmed reference: 38962826. DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12461. | |
| Zhang, B., Ji, P., Peng, L., Zhai, M., Tang, J., Zhao, L., Jin, Y., Xu, B., Lyu, X., Lu, L., Zhou, Y., Jin, Z., Duan, W., Yang, X., Yi, W., Liu, J. : | |
| Clinical treatment procedure and experience of six gene-edited pig-rhesus monkey heterotopic heart xenotransplantation. Chin Med J (Engl) 137:997-999, 2024. Pubmed reference: 38432900. DOI: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000003030. | |
| 2023 | Cooper, D.K.C., Pierson, R.N. : |
| Milestones on the path to clinical pig organ xenotransplantation. Am J Transplant 23:326-335, 2023. Pubmed reference: 36775767. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2022.12.023. | |
| Morticelli, L., Rossdam, C., Cajic, S., Böthig, D., Magdei, M., Tuladhar, S.R., Petersen, B., Fischer, K., Rapp, E., Korossis, S., Haverich, A., Schnieke, A., Niemann, H., Buettner, F.F.R., Hilfiker, A. : | |
| Genetic knockout of porcine GGTA1 or CMAH/GGTA1 is associated with the emergence of neo-glycans. Xenotransplantation 30:e12804, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37148126. DOI: 10.1111/xen.12804. | |
| 2022 | Tu, C.F., Chuang, C.K., Yang, T.S. : |
| The application of new breeding technology based on gene editing in pig industry - A review. Anim Biosci 35:791-803, 2022. Pubmed reference: 34991204. DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0390. | |
| 2021 | Choe, H.M., Luo, Z.B., Kang, J.D., Oh, M.J., An, H.J., Yin, X.J. : |
| Pathological features in 'humanized' neonatal pig. Anim Biotechnol 34:301-309, 2021. Pubmed reference: 34392816. DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1962896. | |
| Jahan, M., Thomson, P.C., Wynn, P.C., Wang, B. : | |
| The non-human glycan, N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), is not expressed in all organs and skeletal muscles of nine animal species. Food Chem 343:128439, 2021. Pubmed reference: 33127222. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128439. | |
| Yue, Y., Xu, W., Kan, Y., Zhao, H.Y., Zhou, Y., Song, X., Wu, J., Xiong, J., Goswami, D., Yang, M., Lamriben, L., Xu, M., Zhang, Q., Luo, Y., Guo, J., Mao, S., Jiao, D., Nguyen, T.D., Li, Z., Layer, J.V., Li, M., Paragas, V., Youd, M.E., Sun, Z., Ding, Y., Wang, W., Dou, H., Song, L., Wang, X., Le, L., Fang, X., George, H., Anand, R., Wang, S.Y., Westlin, W.F., Güell, M., Markmann, J., Qin, W., Gao, Y., Wei, H.J., Church, G.M., Yang, L. : | |
| Extensive germline genome engineering in pigs. Nat Biomed Eng 5:134-143, 2021. Pubmed reference: 32958897. DOI: 10.1038/s41551-020-00613-9. | |
| 2019 | Perota, A., Galli, C. : |
| N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) null large animals by targeting the CMP-Neu5Gc hydroxylase (CMAH). Front Immunol 10:2396, 2019. Pubmed reference: 31681287. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02396. | |
| 2017 | Gao, H., Zhao, C., Xiang, X., Li, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, Z., Pan, D., Dai, Y., Hara, H., Cooper, D.K., Cai, Z., Mou, L. : |
| Production of α1,3-galactosyltransferase and cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase gene double-deficient pigs by CRISPR/Cas9 and handmade cloning. J Reprod Dev 63:17-26, 2017. Pubmed reference: 27725344. DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2016-079. | |
| Salama, A., Mosser, M., Lévêque, X., Perota, A., Judor, J.P., Danna, C., Pogu, S., Mouré, A., Jégou, D., Gaide, N., Abadie, J., Gauthier, O., Concordet, J.P., Le Bas-Bernardet, S., Riochet, D., Le Berre, L., Hervouet, J., Minault, D., Weiss, P., Guicheux, J., Brouard, S., Bosch, S., Lagutina, I., Duchi, R., Lazzari, G., Cozzi, E., Blancho, G., Conchon, S., Galli, C., Soulillou, J.P., Bach, J.M. : | |
| Neu5Gc and α1-3 GAL xenoantigen knockout does not affect glycemia homeostasis and insulin secretion in pigs. Diabetes 66:987-993, 2017. Pubmed reference: 28082457. DOI: 10.2337/db16-1060. | |
| 2016 | Alisson-Silva, F., Kawanishi, K., Varki, A. : |
| Human risk of diseases associated with red meat intake: Analysis of current theories and proposed role for metabolic incorporation of a non-human sialic acid. Mol Aspects Med 51:16-30, 2016. Pubmed reference: 27421909. DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.07.002. | |
| 2015 | Estrada, J.L., Martens, G., Li, P., Adams, A., Newell, K.A., Ford, M.L., Butler, J.R., Sidner, R., Tector, M., Tector, J. : |
| Evaluation of human and non-human primate antibody binding to pig cells lacking GGTA1/CMAH/β4GalNT2 genes. Xenotransplantation 22:194-202, 2015. Pubmed reference: 25728481. DOI: 10.1111/xen.12161. | |
| 2014 | Li, P., Estrada, J.L., Burlak, C., Montgomery, J., Butler, J.R., Santos, R.M., Wang, Z.Y., Paris, L.L., Blankenship, R.L., Downey, S.M., Tector, M., Tector, A.J. : |
| Efficient generation of genetically distinct pigs in a single pregnancy using multiplexed single-guide RNA and carbohydrate selection. Xenotransplantation 22:20-31, 2014. Pubmed reference: 25178170. DOI: 10.1111/xen.12131. | |
| Moon, J., Lee, C., Kim, S.J., Choi, J.Y., Lee, B.C., Kim, J.S., Jang, G. : | |
| Production of CMAH knockout preimplantation embryos derived from immortalized porcine cells via TALE nucleases. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 3:e166, 2014. Pubmed reference: 24866481. DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.15. | |
| 2013 | Kwon, D.N., Lee, K., Kang, M.J., Choi, Y.J., Park, C., Whyte, J.J., Brown, A.N., Kim, J.H., Samuel, M., Mao, J., Park, K.W., Murphy, C.N., Prather, R.S., Kim, J.H. : |
| Production of biallelic CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase knock-out pigs. Sci Rep 3:1981, 2013. Pubmed reference: 23760311. DOI: 10.1038/srep01981. | |
| Lutz, A.J., Li, P., Estrada, J.L., Sidner, R.A., Chihara, R.K., Downey, S.M., Burlak, C., Wang, Z.Y., Reyes, L.M., Ivary, B., Yin, F., Blankenship, R.L., Paris, L.L., Tector, A.J. : | |
| Double knockout pigs deficient in N-glycolylneuraminic acid and galactose α-1,3-galactose reduce the humoral barrier to xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 20:27-35, 2013. Pubmed reference: 23384142. DOI: 10.1111/xen.12019. | |
| 2003 | Tangvoranuntakul, P., Gagneux, P., Diaz, S., Bardor, M., Varki, N., Varki, A., Muchmore, E. : |
| Human uptake and incorporation of an immunogenic nonhuman dietary sialic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:12045-50, 2003. Pubmed reference: 14523234. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2131556100. |
Edit History
- Created by Imke Tammen2 on 28 Aug 2021
- Changed by Imke Tammen2 on 28 Aug 2021
- Changed by Imke Tammen2 on 17 Sep 2021
- Changed by Imke Tammen2 on 11 Jan 2022
- Changed by Imke Tammen2 on 19 Jan 2023
- Changed by Imke Tammen2 on 18 Dec 2023