OMIA:000344-9615 : Epilepsy in Canis lupus familiaris (dog) |
In other species: chicken , white-tufted-ear marmoset , domestic cat , horse , pig , taurine cattle , rabbit , golden hamster , Mongolian gerbil , prairie vole
Categories: Nervous system phene , Behaviour / neurological phene
Links to possible relevant human trait(s) and/or gene(s) in OMIM: 104130 (trait) , 117100 (trait) , 121200 (trait) , 121201 (trait) , 125370 (trait) , 132090 (trait) , 132100 (trait) , 132300 (trait) , 159600 (trait) , 182610 (trait) , 203600 (trait) , 208700 (trait) , 220300 (trait) , 226750 (trait) , 226800 (trait) , 226810 (trait) , 226850 (trait) , 254770 (trait) , 254780 (trait) , 254800 (trait) , 266270 (trait) , 267740 (trait) , 270805 (trait) , 301900 (trait) , 310370 (trait) , 545000 (trait) , 600131 (trait) , 600143 (trait) , 600512 (trait) , 600513 (trait) , 600669 (trait) , 601068 (trait) , 245570 (trait)
Mendelian trait/disorder: no
Mode of inheritance: Multifactorial
Disease-related: yes
Key variant known: no
Key variant is published: no
Inheritance: Viitmaa et al. (2013) estimated the heritability of idiopathic epliepsy in Finnish Spitz dogs to be 22%.
Mapping: By conducting a GWAS on 40 affected and 40 control Belgian Shepherd dogs, each genotyped with the Affymetrix 50K SNP chip, Seppälä et al. (2012) mapped a form of idiopathic epilepsy in the Belgian Shepherd breed to a 1.1.Mb region on chromosome CFA37. Deschain et al. (2021): "The dog breed Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen has a relatively high prevalence of idiopathic epilepsy compared to other dog breeds and previous studies have suggested a genetic cause of the disease in this breed. Based on these observations, a genome-wide association study was performed ... . Suggestive associations at CFA13, CFA24 and CFA35 were identified ...."
Markers: Investigation of the CFA37 candidate region identified by Seppälä et al. (2012) implicated the genes KLF7 and ADAM23, with a haplotype within the latter gene conferring a seven-fold risk. Muñana et al. (2012) reported : "ABCB1 genotype is associated with seizure outcome in Collies with epilepsy. This cannot be attributed to differences in PGP function, but might be because of intrinsic variations in seizure severity among phenotypes." By expanding the study of Seppälä et al. (2012) with additional Belgian Shepherd dogs and dogs from three other breeds, Koskinen et al. (2015) provided evidence "that ADAM23 is a low penetrance risk gene for canine epilepsy". Belanger et al. (2020) investigated idiopathic epilepsy in the Belgian Shepherd and reported: "Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) revealed a significant association between IE and CFA 14 (p < 1.03 E− 08) and a suggestive association on CFA 37 (p < 2.91 E− 06) in a region in linkage disequilibrium with ADAM23. Logistic regression identified a 2-loci model that demonstrated interaction between the two chromosomal regions that when combined predicted IE risk with high sensitivity." Karlskov-Mortensen (2020) reanalysed the data published by Seppälä et al. (2012) but was "not able to confirm the association between canine chromosome 14 and idiopathic epilepsy" in the population of Belgian Shephard dogs studied by Seppälä et al. (2012). Belanger et al. (2022): "Additional IE [idiopathic epilepsy] cases and control dogs were genotyped for the risk haplotypes to validate these previous findings. In the new cohort, the interaction between the two regions significantly elevated IE risk. ... Whole genome sequence analysis revealed that a 3-base pair predicted disruptive insertion in the RAPGEF5 gene, which is adjacent to the CFA14 risk haplotype. ... Although this risk variant does not fully predict the likelihood of a BS developing IE, the association with a variant in a candidate gene may provide insight into the genetic control of canine IE." Beckers et al. (2023) investigated idiopathic epilepsy (IE) in the Dutch partridge dog (DPD). "A genome-wide association study (GWAS) involving 16 cases and 43 controls was performed, followed by sequencing of the coding sequence and splice site regions of a candidate gene within the associated region. Subsequent whole-exome sequencing (WES) of one family (including one IE-affected dog, both parents, and an IE-free sibling) was performed. ... Sequencing of the GRIK2 candidate gene revealed no variants of interest. No WES variants were located within the associated GWAS region. However, a variant in CCDC85A (chromosome 10; XM_038680630.1: c.689C > T) was discovered, and dogs homozygous for the variant (T/T) had an increased risk of developing IE (OR: 6.0; 95% CI: 1.6-22.6). ... Further research is necessary before the risk locus or CCDC85A variant can be used for breeding decisions."
Breeds:
Belgian Shepherd Dog (Dog) (VBO_0200144),
Border Collie (Dog) (VBO_0200193),
Collie (Dog) (VBO_0200375),
Drentsche Patrijshond (Dog) (VBO_0200453),
Finnish Spitz (Dog) (VBO_0200526),
German Shepherd Dog (Dog) (VBO_0200577),
Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen (Dog) (VBO_0201009).
Breeds in which the phene has been documented. (If a likely causal variant has been documented for the phene, see the variant table breeds in which the variant has been reported).
Cite this entry
Nicholas, F. W., Tammen, I., & Sydney Informatics Hub. (2024). OMIA:000344-9615: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) [dataset]. https://omia.org/. https://doi.org/10.25910/2AMR-PV70
References
Note: the references are listed in reverse chronological order (from the most recent year to the earliest year), and alphabetically by first author within a year.
| 2024 | Al Kafaji, T., Tocco, F., Okonji, S., Gallucci, A. : |
| Clinical features and outcome of 10 dogs with suspected idiopathic vestibular epilepsy. J Vet Intern Med 38:1591-1597, 2024. Pubmed reference: 38514172. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17046. | |
| Baka, R.D., Kuleš, J., Beletić, A., Farkaš, V., Rešetar Maslov, D., Ljubić, B.B., Rubić, I., Mrljak, V., McLaughlin, M., Eckersall, D., Polizopoulou, Z. : | |
| Quantitative serum proteome analysis using tandem mass tags in dogs with epilepsy. J Proteomics 290:S1874-3919(23)00223-3:105034, 2024. Pubmed reference: 37879566. DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.105034. | |
| Bride, M.E., Samarani, F., Grant, L.E., James, F.M.K. : | |
| Canine epilepsy/seizure occurrence in primary care and referral populations: a look into the epidemiology across countries. Front Vet Sci 11:1455468, 2024. Pubmed reference: 39411388. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1455468. | |
| Cayabyab, D.D., Belanger, J.M., Xu, C., Maga, E.A., Oberbauer, A.M. : | |
| Cellular localization of a variant RAPGEF5 protein associated with idiopathic epilepsy risk in the Belgian shepherd. Canine Med Genet 11:4, 2024. Pubmed reference: 39342265. DOI: 10.1186/s40575-024-00138-3. | |
| Flegel, T., Neumann, A., Holst, A.L., Kretzschmann, O., Loderstedt, S., Tästensen, C., Gutmann, S., Dietzel, J., Becker, L.F., Kalliwoda, T., Weiß, V., Kowarik, M., Böttcher, I.C., Martin, C. : | |
| Machine learning algorithms predict canine structural epilepsy with high accuracy. Front Vet Sci 11:1406107, 2024. Pubmed reference: 39104548. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1406107. | |
| García-Gracia, M., Moreno-Martinez, L., Hernaiz, A., Usón, S., Moral, J., Sanz-Rubio, D., Zaragoza, P., Palacio, J., Rosado, B., Osta, R., García-Belenguer, S., Martín Burriel, I. : | |
| Analysis of plasma-derived exosomal microRNAs as potential biomarkers for canine idiopathic epilepsy. Animals (Basel) 14:252, 2024. Pubmed reference: 38254420. DOI: 10.3390/ani14020252. | |
| Hanael, E., Baruch, S., Altman, R.K., Chai, O., Rapoport, K., Peery, D., Friedman, A., Shamir, M.H. : | |
| Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and decreased transcription of tight junction proteins in epileptic dogs. J Vet Intern Med 38:2237-2248, 2024. Pubmed reference: 38842297. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17099. | |
| Kinsey, N., Belanger, J.M., Mandigers, P.J.J., Leegwater, P.A., Heinonen, T., Hytönen, M.K., Lohi, H., Ostrander, E.A., Oberbauer, A.M. : | |
| Idiopathic epilepsy risk allele trends in Belgian Tervuren: A longitudinal genetic analysis. Genes (Basel) 15:114, 2024. Pubmed reference: 38255002. DOI: 10.3390/genes15010114. | |
| Mandigers, P.J.J., Meijs, S.E., Plonek, M., Santifort, K.M., Diaz Espineira, M.M. : | |
| Phenotypic characterization and quality of life of Labradoodles with idiopathic epilepsy and epilepsy of unknown cause. Front Vet Sci 11:1459260, 2024. Pubmed reference: 39479204. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1459260. | |
| 2023 | Beckers, E., Bhatti, S.F.M., Van Poucke, M., Polis, I., Farnir, F., Van Nieuwerburgh, F., Mandigers, P., Van Ham, L., Peelman, L., Broeckx, B.J.G. : |
| Identification of a novel idiopathic epilepsy risk locus and a variant in the CCDC85A gene in the Dutch partridge dog. Animals (Basel) 13:810, 2023. Pubmed reference: 36899667. DOI: 10.3390/ani13050810. | |
| Beckmann, K.M., Wang-Leandro, A., Steffen, F., Richter, H., Dennler, M., Bektas, R., Carrera, I., Haller, S. : | |
| Diffusion tensor-based analysis of white matter in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. Front Vet Sci 10:1325521, 2023. Pubmed reference: 38192722. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1325521. | |
| Bongers, J.J., Gutierrez-Quintana, R., Hammond, G., José-López, R. : | |
| Clinical and MRI findings of a suspected cortical malformation presented as a giant cerebral pseudomass in a German Shepherd dog. Clin Case Rep 11:e7057, 2023. Pubmed reference: 36911639. DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7057. | |
| Cameron, S., Grady, K.M., Kent, S.P., Sousa, M.M. : | |
| Mild to moderate increases in activity are associated with increased seizure incidence in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy receiving anti-epileptic drugs. J Small Anim Pract 64:611-618, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37572005. DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13655. | |
| Charalambous, M., Fischer, A., Potschka, H., Walker, M.C., Raedt, R., Vonck, K., Boon, P., Lohi, H., Löscher, W., Worrell, G., Leeb, T., McEvoy, A., Striano, P., Kluger, G., Galanopoulou, A.S., Volk, H.A., Bhatti, S.F.M. : | |
| Translational veterinary epilepsy: A win-win situation for human and veterinary neurology. Vet J 293:105956, 2023. Pubmed reference: 36791876. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.105956. | |
| Chawner, E., Ukai, M., Sears, W., James, F. : | |
| Frequency of non-generalized tonic clonic seizures in a referral population of dogs. Vet J 295:105986, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37141933. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.105986. | |
| Hemmeter, L., Bien, C.G., Bien, C.I., Tipold, A., Neßler, J., Bathen-Nöthen, A., Matiasek, K., Dahlhoff, M., Rusbridge, C., Rotter Black, C., Rentmeister, K., Volk, H.A., Fischer, A. : | |
| Investigation of the presence of specific neural antibodies in dogs with epilepsy or dyskinesia using murine and human assays. J Vet Intern Med 37:1409-1417, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37232512. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16744. | |
| Kostic, D., Nowakowska, M., Freundt Revilla, J., Attig, F., Rohn, K., Gualtieri, F., Baumgärtner, W., Potschka, H., Tipold, A. : | |
| Hippocampal expression of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 in canine epilepsy. Sci Rep 13:3138, 2023. Pubmed reference: 36823232. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29868-3. | |
| Musteata, M., Ștefănescu, R., Borcea, D.G., Solcan, G. : | |
| Very-low-frequency spike-wave complex partial motor seizure mimicking canine idiopathic head tremor syndrome in a dog. Vet Sci 10:472, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37505876. DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070472. | |
| Peek, S.I., Twele, F., Meller, S., Packer, R.M.A., Volk, H.A. : | |
| Epilepsy is more than a simple seizure disorder: Causal relationships between epilepsy and its comorbidities. Vet J 303:106061, 2023. Pubmed reference: 38123062. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106061. | |
| Peek, S.I., Meller, S., Twele, F., Packer, R.M.A., Volk, H.A. : | |
| Epilepsy is more than a simple seizure disorder: Parallels between human and canine cognitive and behavioural comorbidities. Vet J 303:106060, 2023. Pubmed reference: 38123061. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106060. | |
| Phochantachinda, S., Chantong, B., Reamtong, O., Chatchaisak, D. : | |
| Protein profiling and assessment of amyloid beta levels in plasma in canine refractory epilepsy. Front Vet Sci 10:1258244, 2023. Pubmed reference: 38192726. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1258244. | |
| Plonek, M., Diaz-Espineira, M.M., Stassen, Q.E.M., Santifort, K.M., Leegwater, P.A.J., Mandigers, P.J.J. : | |
| Corrigendum: Phenotypic characterization of idiopathic epilepsy and epilepsy of unknown cause in Irish Setters. Front Vet Sci 10:1145556, 2023. Pubmed reference: 36950536. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1145556. | |
| Potschka, H., Fischer, A., Löscher, W., Volk, H.A. : | |
| Pathophysiology of drug-resistant canine epilepsy. Vet J 296-297:105990, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37150317. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.105990. | |
| Schmidt, T., Meller, S., Meyerhoff, N., Twele, F., Zanghi, B., Volk, H.A. : | |
| A six-month prospective, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover, dietary trial design to investigate the potential of psychobiotics on seizure semiology and comorbidities in canine epilepsy: study protocol. BMC Vet Res 19:57, 2023. Pubmed reference: 36864510. DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03609-0. | |
| von Rüden, E.L., Potschka, H., Tipold, A., Stein, V.M. : | |
| The role of neuroinflammation in canine epilepsy. Vet J 298-299:106014, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37393038. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106014. | |
| 2022 | Belanger, J.M., Heinonen, T., Famula, T.R., Mandigers, P.J.J., Leegwater, P.A., Hytönen, M.K., Lohi, H., Oberbauer, A.M. : |
| Validation of a chromosome 14 risk haplotype for idiopathic epilepsy in the Belgian Shepherd Dog found to be associated with an insertion in the RAPGEF5 gene. Genes (Basel) 13:1124, 2022. Pubmed reference: 35885906. DOI: 10.3390/genes13071124. | |
| Hamers, M.F.N., Plonek, M., Bhatti, S.F.M., Bergknut, N., Diaz Espineira, M.M., Santifort, K.M., Mandigers, P.J.J. : | |
| Quality of life in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and their owners with an emphasis on breed-A pilot study. Front Vet Sci 9:1107315, 2022. Pubmed reference: 36713869. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1107315. | |
| Löscher, W. : | |
| Dogs as a natural animal model of epilepsy. Front Vet Sci 9:928009, 2022. Pubmed reference: 35812852. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.928009. | |
| Plonek, M., Diaz-Espineira, M.M., Stassen, Q.E.M., Santifort, K.M., Leegwater, P.A.J., Mandigers, P.J.J. : | |
| Phenotypic characterization of idiopathic epilepsy and epilepsy of unknown cause in Irish Setters. Front Vet Sci 9:1066094, 2022. Pubmed reference: 36578438. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1066094. | |
| Potschka, H., Bhatti, S.F.M., Tipold, A., McGrath, S. : | |
| Cannabidiol in canine epilepsy. Vet J 290:105913, 2022. Pubmed reference: 36209995. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105913. | |
| 2021 | Deschain, T., Fabricius, J., Berendt, M., Fredholm, M., Karlskov-Mortensen, P. : |
| The first genome-wide association study concerning idiopathic epilepsy in Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen. Anim Genet 52:762-6, 2021. Pubmed reference: 34383319. DOI: 10.1111/age.13128. | |
| Van Buren, S.L., Oberbauer, A.M., Minor, K.M., Belanger, J.M., Furrow, E. : | |
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| 2020 | Belanger, J.M., Famula, T.R., Gershony, L.C., Palij, M.K., Oberbauer, A.M. : |
| Genome-wide association analysis of idiopathic epilepsy in the Belgian shepherd. Canine Genet Epidemiol 7:12, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-020-00091-x. | |
| Karlskov-Mortensen, P. : | |
| Risk loci for idiopathic epilepsy in Belgian Shepherd dogs. Anim Genet 52:139-140, 2020. Pubmed reference: 33259081. DOI: 10.1111/age.13030. | |
| 2019 | Van Meervenne, S., Volk, H.A., Verhoeven, P.S., Van Ham, L., O'Neill, D.G. : |
| Associations between neutering and idiopathic epilepsy in Labrador retrievers and Border collies under primary veterinary care in the UK. Vet J 252:105354, 2019. Pubmed reference: 31554590. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105354. | |
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| 2018 | Hartmann, A., von Klopmann, C., Lautenschläger, I.E., Scholz, V.B., Schmidt, M.J. : |
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| 2016 | Hasegawa, D. : |
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| Cerebral glucose utilization measured with high resolution positron emission tomography in epileptic Finnish Spitz dogs and healthy dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 55:453-61, 2014. Pubmed reference: 24547764. DOI: 10.1111/vru.12147. | |
| Wessmann, A., Volk, H.A., Parkin, T., Ortega, M., Anderson, T.J. : | |
| Evaluation of quality of life in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. J Vet Intern Med 28:510-4, 2014. Pubmed reference: 24612035. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12328. | |
| 2013 | Bellumori, T.P., Famula, T.R., Bannasch, D.L., Belanger, J.M., Oberbauer, A.M. : |
| Prevalence of inherited disorders among mixed-breed and purebred dogs: 27,254 cases (1995-2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 242:1549-55, 2013. Pubmed reference: 23683021. DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.11.1549. | |
| Chai, O., Sommer, A., Zimmerman, G., Soreq, H., Friedman, A., Bdolah-Abram, T., Aroch, I., Shamir, M.H. : | |
| Acetylcholinesterase activity in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with seizures. Vet J 198:292-4, 2013. Pubmed reference: 23988333. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.06.027. | |
| Coles, L.D., Patterson, E.E., Sheffield, W.D., Mavoori, J., Higgins, J., Michael, B., Leyde, K., Cloyd, J.C., Litt, B., Vite, C., Worrell, G.A. : | |
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| Comparison of concentrations of γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamate in cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with idiopathic epilepsy with and without seizure-related magnetic resonance imaging hyperintense areas in the limbic system. Am J Vet Res 74:1118-25, 2013. Pubmed reference: 23879850. DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.8.1118. | |
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| Inherited epilepsy in dogs. Top Companion Anim Med 28:51-8, 2013. Pubmed reference: 24070682. DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2013.07.001. | |
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| Alterations of endocannabinoids in cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with epileptic seizure disorder. BMC Vet Res 9:262, 2013. Pubmed reference: 24370333. DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-262. | |
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| Canine epilepsy: integrating research in practice. Vet Rec 172:336-7, 2013. Pubmed reference: 23539654. DOI: 10.1136/vr.f1979. | |
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| FDG-PET in healthy and epileptic Lagotto Romagnolo dogs and changes in brain glucose uptake with age. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 55:331-41, 2013. Pubmed reference: 24354474. DOI: 10.1111/vru.12129. | |
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| Prevalence and risk factors for canine epilepsy of unknown origin in the UK. Vet Rec 172:338, 2013. Pubmed reference: 23300065. DOI: 10.1136/vr.101133. | |
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| Bilateral Hippocampal Malformation and Concurrent Granulomatous Meningoencephalitis in a Dog with Refractory Epilepsy. J Comp Pathol 150:424-8, 2013. Pubmed reference: 24461687. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.11.212. | |
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| The novel antiepileptic drug imepitoin compares favourably to other GABA-mimetic drugs in a seizure threshold model in mice and dogs. Pharmacol Res 77:39-46, 2013. Pubmed reference: 24056205. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.09.003. | |
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| Prevalence of lateral ventricle asymmetry in brain MRI studies of neurologically normal dogs and dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 54:516-21, 2013. Pubmed reference: 23782324. DOI: 10.1111/vru.12063. | |
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| Public perception of epilepsy in dogs is more favorable than in humans. Epilepsy Behav 27:243-6, 2013. Pubmed reference: 23466251. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.01.019. | |
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| Relationship of angiogenesis and microglial activation to seizure-induced neuronal death in the cerebral cortex of Shetland Sheepdogs with familial epilepsy. Am J Vet Res 74:763-70, 2013. Pubmed reference: 23627390. DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.5.763. | |
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| Assessment of the prevalence and clinical features of cryptogenic epilepsy in dogs: 45 cases (2003-2011). J Am Vet Med Assoc 242:651-7, 2013. Pubmed reference: 23402412. DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.5.651. | |
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| Sudden unexpected death in dogs with epilepsy: Risks versus benefits of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for man's best friend. Epilepsy Behav 27:508-9, 2013. Pubmed reference: 23619429. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.02.021. | |
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| Phenotype, inheritance characteristics, and risk factors for idiopathic epilepsy in Finnish Spitz dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 243:1001-9, 2013. Pubmed reference: 24050567. DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.7.1001. | |
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| A Longitudinal Study of Survival in Belgian Shepherds with Genetic Epilepsy. J Vet Intern Med 26:1115-20, 2012. Pubmed reference: 22882455. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00977.x. | |
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| Canine idiopathic epilepsy: prevalence, risk factors and outcome associated with cluster seizures and status epilepticus. J Small Anim Pract 53:526-30, 2012. Pubmed reference: 22835069. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2012.01251.x. | |
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| Polymorphisms in the ABCB1 gene in phenobarbital responsive and resistant idiopathic epileptic Border Collies. J Vet Intern Med 25:484-9, 2011. Pubmed reference: 21488961. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0718.x. | |
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| Electroencephalographic recordings in dogs suffering from idiopathic and symptomatic epilepsy: Diagnostic value of interictal short time EEG protocols supplemented by two activation techniques. Vet J 193:185-92, 2011. Pubmed reference: 22099183. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.10.006. | |
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| Epilepsy in the dog Proceedings of the Ninth Gaines Veterinary Symposium, Kankakee :18-20, 1959. | |
| 1951 | Eberhart, G.W. : |
| Epilepsy in the dog Proceedings of the First Gaines Veterinary Symposium :20, 1951. |
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