OMIA:000631-9615 : Megaoesophagus in Canis lupus familiaris |
In other species: domestic cat , sheep , domestic ferret , llama , goat , cattle , horse
Categories: Digestive / alimentary phene
Links to MONDO diseases: No links.
Mendelian trait/disorder: no
Considered a defect: yes
Key variant known: yes
Year key variant first reported: 2022
Cross-species summary: Dilatation and atony of the body of the oesophagus, usually associated with asynchronous function of the oesophagus and the caudal oesophageal sphincter. Causes regurgitation and aspiration pneumonia.
Mapping: By conducting a GWAS on 19 affected and 177 control German Shepherd dogs, each genotyped with the Affymetrix v2 canine SNP chip (Yielding 48,415 SNPs for the analysis), Tsai et al. (2012) highlighted a 4.7Mb region on chromosome CFA12.
Bell et al. (2022) also highlighted a region in CFA12: "A genome-wide association study for CIM revealed an association on canine chromosome 12 (P-val = 3.12x10-13), with the lead SNPs located upstream or within Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Receptor 2 (MCHR2), a compelling positional candidate gene having a role in appetite, weight, and GI motility." It is not evident whether this region overlaps the region highlighted by Tsai et al. (2012).
Molecular basis: Bell et al. (2022): "Within the first intron of MCHR2, we identified a 33 bp variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) containing a consensus binding sequence for the T-box family of transcription factors. Across dogs and wolves, the major allele includes two copies of the repeat, whereas the predominant alleles in GSDs have one or three copies. The single-copy allele is strongly associated with CIM [Congenital idiopathic megaesophagus] (P-val = 1.32x10-17), with homozygosity for this allele posing the most significant risk. Our findings suggest that the number of T-box protein binding motifs may correlate with MCHR2 expression and that an imbalance of melanin-concentrating hormone plays a role in CIM.
Prevalence: Bell et al. (2022) reported "that male GSDs are twice as likely to be affected as females and show that the sex bias is independent of body size. We propose that female endogenous factors (e.g., estrogen) are protective via their role in promoting relaxation of the sphincter between the esophagus and stomach, facilitating food passage".
Control: Bell et al. (2020): "Together, sex and the MCHR2 repeat sequence accurately predict affection status in over 75% of dogs, and a genetic test is now available to facilitate breeding decisions aimed at reducing disease incidence."
Associated gene:
| Symbol | Description | Species | Chr | Location | OMIA gene details page | Other Links |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCHR2 | melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 2 | Canis lupus familiaris | 12 | NC_051816.1 (58932320..58907909) | MCHR2 | Homologene, Ensembl , NCBI gene |
Variants
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WARNING! Inclusion of a variant in this table does not automatically mean that it should be used for DNA testing. Anyone contemplating the use of any of these variants for DNA testing should examine critically the relevant evidence (especially in breeds other than the breed in which the variant was first described). If it is decided to proceed, the location and orientation of the variant sequence should be checked very carefully.
Since October 2021, OMIA includes a semiautomated lift-over pipeline to facilitate updates of genomic positions to a recent reference genome position. These changes to genomic positions are not always reflected in the ‘acknowledgements’ or ‘verbal description’ fields in this table.
| OMIA Variant ID | Breed(s) | Variant Phenotype | Gene | Allele | Type of Variant | Source of Genetic Variant | Reference Sequence | Chr. | g. or m. | c. or n. | p. | Verbal Description | EVA ID | Inferred EVA rsID | Year Published | PubMed ID(s) | Acknowledgements |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1437 | German Shepherd Dog | Congenital idiopathic megaesophagus | MCHR2 | repeat variation | Naturally occurring variant | CanFam3.1 | 12 | Bell et al. (2022): "Within the first intron of MCHR2, we identified a 33 bp variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) containing a consensus binding sequence for the T-box family of transcription factors. Across dogs and wolves, the major allele includes two copies of the repeat, whereas the predominant alleles in GSDs have one or three copies. The single-copy allele is strongly associated with CIM (P-val = 1.32x10-17), with homozygosity for this allele posing the most significant risk". | 2022 | 35271580 |
References
Note: the references are listed in reverse chronological order (from the most recent year to the earliest year), and alphabetically by first author within a year.
| 2022 | Bell, S.M., Evans, J.M., Evans, K.M., Tsai, K.L., Noorai, R.E., Famula, T.R., Holle, D.M., Clark, L.A. : |
| Congenital idiopathic megaesophagus in the German shepherd dog is a sex-differentiated trait and is associated with an intronic variable number tandem repeat in Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Receptor 2. PLoS Genet 18:e1010044, 2022. Pubmed reference: 35271580 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010044. | |
| 2016 | Manning, K., Birkenheuer, A.J., Briley, J., Montgomery, S.A., Harris, J., Vanone, S.L., Gookin, J.L. : |
| Intermittent at-home suctioning of esophageal content for prevention of recurrent aspiration pneumonia in 4 dogs with megaesophagus. J Vet Intern Med 30:1715-1719, 2016. Pubmed reference: 27481487 . DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14527. | |
| 2012 | Mace, S., Shelton, G.D., Eddlestone, S. : |
| Megaesophagus. Compend Contin Educ Vet 34:E1, 2012. Pubmed reference: 22488663 . | |
| Tsai, K.L., Noorai, R.E., Starr-Moss, A.N., Quignon, P., Rinz, C.J., Ostrander, E.A., Steiner, J.M., Murphy, K.E., Clark, L.A. : | |
| Genome-wide association studies for multiple diseases of the German Shepherd Dog. Mamm Genome 23:203-11, 2012. Pubmed reference: 22105877 . DOI: 10.1007/s00335-011-9376-9. | |
| 2002 | Watrous, B.J., Blumenfeld, B. : |
| Congenital megaesophagus with hypertrophic osteopathy in a 6-year-old dog Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 43:545-549, 2002. Pubmed reference: 12502108 . | |
| 2001 | Hopper, K., Beck, C., Slocombe, R. : |
| Megaoesophagus in adult dogs secondary to Australian tiger snake envenomation Australian Veterinary Journal 79:672-675, 2001. Pubmed reference: 11712704 . | |
| Huber, E., Armbrust, W., Forster, J.L., Ribiere, T., Grosclaude, P. : | |
| Megaoesophagus in the dog: a case report Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde 143:512-514, 2001. Pubmed reference: 11680912 . | |
| 2000 | Torres, P. : |
| Esophagus-diaphragmatic Cardioplasty for the treatment of the idiopathic congenital total megaesophagus in dogs [Spanish] Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria 32:121-130, 2000. | |
| 1999 | Plotnick, A.N. : |
| Megaesophagus and hypothyroidism in an English Springer Spaniel and response to thyroxine supplementation Canine Practice 24:14-17, 1999. | |
| Rossmeisl, J.H., Blevins, W.E., Widmer, W.R. : | |
| What is your diagnosis? Diagnosis - Radiographic diagnosis - Megaesophagus and gastrointestinal atony Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 215:782-+, 1999. Pubmed reference: 10496127 . | |
| 1997 | Borbe, J., Walla, L. : |
| Surgical and postoperative management of canine megaesophagus [German] Kleintierpraxis 42:329-332, 1997. | |
| Gaynor, A.R., Shofer, F.S., Washabau, R.J. : | |
| Risk factors for acquired megaesophagus in dogs Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 211:1406 ff., 1997. | |
| Mears, E.A., Jenkins, C.C. : | |
| Canine and feline megaesophagus Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 19:313 ff., 1997. | |
| Torres, P. : | |
| Megaesophagus in the dog - a bibliographic review and a new classification proposal [Review] [Spanish] Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria 29:13-23, 1997. | |
| 1996 | Holland, C.T., Satchell, P.M., Farrow, B.R.H. : |
| Vagal esophagomotor nerve function and esophageal motor performance in dogs with congenital idiopathic megaesophagus American Journal of Veterinary Research 57:906-913, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8725822 . | |
| 1995 | Whitley, N.T. : |
| Megaoesophagus and glucocorticoid-deficient hypoadrenocorticism in a dog Journal of Small Animal Practice 36:132-135, 1995. Pubmed reference: 7783439 . | |
| 1994 | Holland, C.T., Shelton, G.D., Satchell, P.M., Farrow, B.R.H. : |
| Antibodies to Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Dogs with Megaoesophagus Australian Veterinary Journal 71:221-222, 1994. Pubmed reference: 7945104 . | |
| Matros, L., Jergens, A.E., Miles, K.G., Kluge, J.P. : | |
| Megaesophagus and Hypomotility Associated with Esophageal Leiomyoma in a Dog Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 30:15-19, 1994. | |
| Thilagar, S., Balasubramanian, N.N., David, W.P.A., Sasikala, S. : | |
| A Clinical Survey of Megaesophagus in the Dog Indian Veterinary Journal 71:921-922, 1994. | |
| 1993 | Holland, C.T., Satchell, P.M., Farrow, B.R.H. : |
| Oesophageal Compliance in Naturally Occurring Canine Megaoesophagus Australian Veterinary Journal 70:414-420, 1993. Pubmed reference: 8280024 . | |
| Holland, C.T., Satchell, P.M. : | |
| Megaoesophagus in the Dog and Cat Recueil de Medecine Veterinaire 169:969-983, 1993. | |
| 1990 | Knowles, K.E., Obrien, D.P., Amann, J.F. : |
| Congenital Idiopathic Megaesophagus in a Litter of Chinese Shar-Peis - Clinical, Electrodiagnostic, and Pathological Findings Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 26:313-318, 1990. | |
| 1957 | Michael, S.J. : |
| Regurgitation in pups. II. Megaesophagus in a pup Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 130:284 only, 1957. Pubmed reference: 13416103 . |
Edit History
- Created by Frank Nicholas on 06 Sep 2005
- Changed by Frank Nicholas on 20 May 2013
- Changed by Frank Nicholas on 13 Mar 2022