In other species: goldfish , rainbow trout , guppy , swordtail and platyfish , Nile tilapia , gilthead seabream , barramundi perch , green and golden bell frog , common lizard , Mallard , sheepshead swordtail , Garter snake , bark anole , Guadeloupean anole , , sailfin molly , ball python , Midas cichlid , blacktip shark , common wall lizard , Italian wall lizard , three-spined stickleback , blue discus , Sand lizard , common chameleon , flapneck chameleon , mimic poison frog , Asian bonytongue , eastern dwarf tree frog , southern flounder , Siamese fighting fish , leopard coralgrouper , White's rock-skink , , starry flounder , delicate skink , red-top cobalt mbuna , yellowband tropheus , Sagus Kul lizard , toad-headed agama , , poison dart frogs , pumpkin toadlet , Blue Regal "Mbenji" Peacock

Categories: Pigmentation phene

Mendelian trait/disorder: unknown

Disease-related: no

Species-specific name: black patches

Species-specific description: Chen et al. (2021): "three Tyrp1 genes were identified in Oujiang-color common carp (Cyprinus carpio var. color). The similar expression patterns and close phylogenetic relationship indicated that Tyrp1c is homologous to Tyrp1b and possibly originated from the ancient Tyrp1b. The rates of synonymous and non-synonymous substitution (Ka /Ks ) in Tyrp1 across teleost phylogeny indicated that Tyrp1a is more likely to be in the process of purifying selection. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to disrupt the Tyrp1 genes in zebrafish and the WB (black patches on white skin) strain of Oujiang-color common carp. The Tyrp1 loss of function variants in zebrafish and WB carp showed severe melanin deficiency in the skin. Meanwhile, inactivation of a single Tyrp1 gene did not obstruct melanin synthesis, which proved that the functional redundancy of Tyrp1 genes existed in both zebrafish and Oujiang-color common carp. Among the mosaic individuals with Tyrp1 genes in disrupted-color common carp, various mutations in Tyrp1b gene induced gray or brown phenotypes, suggesting that it may be bifunctional in Oujiang-color common carp. In addition, the phenotype of WB variants was different from that of WW (whole white skin), suggesting that Tyrp1 genes were not the key factor that caused the difference between WB and WW." This study involves use of CRISPR/Cas9 (GMO).

Genetic engineering: Yes - in addition to the occurrence of natural variants, variants have been created artificially, e.g. by genetic engineering or gene editing
Have human generated variants been created, e.g. through genetic engineering and gene editing