OMIA:000944-9913 : Spongiform encephalopathy, susceptibility/resistance to in Bos taurus (taurine cattle) |
In other species: Mallard , chicken , Ring-necked pheasant , white-tufted-ear marmoset , macaques , crab-eating macaque , Rhesus monkey , dog , domestic ferret , domestic cat , puma , horse , pig , Arabian camel , deer , Eurasian elk , Western roe deer , red deer , Eastern wapiti , sika deer , Manchurian Wapiti , reindeer , black-tailed deer , white-tailed deer , American bison , goat , mouflon , sheep , eland , greater kudu , gemsbok , rabbit , golden hamster , domestic guinea pig , domestic yak , chital , fallow deer , cheetah , raccoon dog , bighorn sheep , blue antelope , Arabian oryx , scimitar-horned oryx , nyala , Spanish ibex , water buffalo , Japanese quail , Pyrenean chamois , Iberian red deer , Bank vole , American mink
Categories: Nervous system phene
Links to possible relevant human trait(s) and/or gene(s) in OMIM: 176640 (gene) , 245300 (trait)
Links to relevant human diseases in MONDO:
Single-gene trait/disorder: unknown
Disease-related: yes
Year key variant first reported: 2008
Cross-species summary: Spongiform encephalopathies are a class of fatal neurological diseases. Clinical signs are characteristic of a progressive degeneration of the central nervous system; they include pruritis, abnormalities of gait and recumbency. Death is inevitable. On post-mortem, brain histopathology shows a characteristic spongy appearance. The infectious agent is a modified form of a protein encoded by a gene in the host. The name given to this infectious particle is prion. The host gene is called the prion protein (PrP) gene, which is a normal part of the genome of mammals and chickens. Its polypeptide product, called cellular PrP(superscript C), is a naturally-occurring protein attached to the outer surface of neurones and some other cells. PrP(superscript C) appears to play a role in maintaining the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, which are essential for balance and muscular function. The infectious agent, called scrapie PrP(superscript Sc), is a modifed form of PrP(superscript C), where the modifications involve glycosylation and the creation of intra-strand di-sulphide bonds. It is important to realise that these modifications involve no change in amino acid sequence. When PrP(superscript Sc) molecules enter a previously uninfected host, they convert the naturally occurring PrP(superscript C) molecules, produced by the host gene, into infectious PrP(superscript Sc) particles, which ultimately cause clinical signs in that animal, and which can spread to other animals, both horizontally (by infection) and vertically (by maternal transmission). In ruminants the disease has been called bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, scrapie in sheep and goats and chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids.
Species-specific name: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy; Mad Cow Disease
Species-specific symbol: BSE
Molecular basis:
Richt and Hall (2008) "identified a novel mutation in the bovine prion protein gene (Prnp), called E211K, of a confirmed BSE positive cow from Alabama, United States of America. This mutation is identical to the E200K pathogenic mutation found in humans with a genetic form of CJD. This finding represents the first report of a confirmed case of BSE with a potential pathogenic mutation within the bovine Prnp gene. We hypothesize that the bovine Prnp E211K mutation most likely has caused BSE in “the approximately 10-year-old cow” carrying the E221K mutation." Won et al. (2020) "found a high rate of K211 somatic mutations of the bovine PRNP gene in the medulla oblongata of three Holsteins (10% ± 4.4%, 28% ± 2%, and 19.55% ± 3.1%). In addition, in silico programs showed that the K211 somatic mutation was damaging. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate K211 somatic mutations of the bovine PRNP gene that are associated with potential BSE progression."
Ren et al. (2024) “simultaneously edited three genes in bovine fibroblasts. A knockout of MSTN and PRNP was created and the amino acid Q-G in CD18 was precisely substituted [in the fibroblasts].”
Prevalence: Heaton et al. (2008): "The K211 allele was not detected in 6062 cattle, including those from five commercial beef processing plants (3892 carcasses) and 2170 registered cattle from 42 breeds. Multiple nearby polymorphisms in Prnp coding sequence of 1456 diverse purebred cattle (42 breeds) did not interfere with scoring E211 or K211 alleles. Based on these results, the upper bounds for prevalence of the E211K variant was estimated to be extremely low, less than 1 in 2000 cattle (Bayesian analysis based on 95% quantile of the posterior distribution with a uniform prior)."
Associated gene:
Symbol | Description | Species | Chr | Location | OMIA gene details page | Other Links |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRNP | prion protein | Bos taurus | 13 | NC_037340.1 (47039937..47060168) | PRNP | Homologene, Ensembl , NCBI gene |
Variants
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WARNING! Inclusion of a variant in this table does not automatically mean that it should be used for DNA testing. Anyone contemplating the use of any of these variants for DNA testing should examine critically the relevant evidence (especially in breeds other than the breed in which the variant was first described). If it is decided to proceed, the location and orientation of the variant sequence should be checked very carefully.
Since October 2021, OMIA includes a semiautomated lift-over pipeline to facilitate updates of genomic positions to a recent reference genome position. These changes to genomic positions are not always reflected in the ‘acknowledgements’ or ‘verbal description’ fields in this table.
OMIA Variant ID | Breed(s) | Variant Phenotype | Gene | Allele | Type of Variant | Source of Genetic Variant | Reference Sequence | Chr. | g. or m. | c. or n. | p. | Verbal Description | EVA ID | Year Published | PubMed ID(s) | Acknowledgements |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
834 | Spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) | PRNP | missense | Naturally occurring variant | ARS-UCD1.2 | 13 | g.47056730G>A | c.631G>A | p.(E211K) | 2008 | 18787697 | Genomic coordinates obtained from EBI's VEP |
Cite this entry
Nicholas, F. W., Tammen, I., & Sydney Informatics Hub. (2024). OMIA:000944-9913: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) [dataset]. https://omia.org/. https://doi.org/10.25910/2AMR-PV70
References
Note: the references are listed in reverse chronological order (from the most recent year to the earliest year), and alphabetically by first author within a year.
2024 | [No authors listed] : |
The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2023. EFSA J 22:e9097, 2024. Pubmed reference: 39610400. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.9097. | |
Ren, J., Hai, T., Chen, Y., Sun, K., Han, Z., Wang, J., Li, C., Wang, Q., Wang, L., Zhu, H., Yu, D., Li, W., Zhao, S. : | |
Improve meat production and virus resistance by simultaneously editing multiple genes in livestock using Cas12iMax. Sci China Life Sci 67:555-564, 2024. Pubmed reference: 37987939. DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2407-0. | |
2023 | [No authors listed] : |
The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2022. EFSA J 21:e08384, 2023. Pubmed reference: 38035139. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8384. | |
Amin, R., Darwin, R., Chakraborty, S., Chandran, D., Chopra, H., Dhama, K. : | |
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, "Mad Cow's Disease" and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans: A critical update. Arch Med Res 54:102854, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37453805. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.102854. | |
Betancor, M., Marín, B., Otero, A., Hedman, C., Romero, A., Barrio, T., Sevilla, E., Douet, J.Y., Huor, A., Badiola, J.J., Andréoletti, O., Bolea, R. : | |
Detection of classical BSE prions in asymptomatic cows after inoculation with atypical/Nor98 scrapie. Vet Res 54:89, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37794450. DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01225-2. | |
Fast, C., Graham, C., Kaatz, M., Santiago-Mateo, K., Kaatz, T., MacPherson, K., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Ziegler, U., Groschup, M.H., Czub, S. : | |
Discrimination of classical and atypical BSE by a distinct immunohistochemical PrP^Sc profile. Pathogens 12:353, 2023. Pubmed reference: 36839625. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020353. | |
Gim, G.M., Eom, K.H., Kwon, D.H., Jung, D.J., Kim, D.H., Yi, J.K., Ha, J.J., Lee, J.H., Lee, S.B., Son, W.J., Yum, S.Y., Lee, W.W., Jang, G. : | |
Generation of double knockout cattle via CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) electroporation. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 14:103, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37543609. DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00902-8. | |
He, X., Memon, S., Yue, D., Zhu, J., Lu, Y., Liu, X., Xiong, H., Li, G., Deng, W., Xi, D. : | |
Comparative Analysis of PRNP Gene Indel Polymorphism and Expression among Zhongdian Yellow Cattle, Zhongdian Yak, and Their Hybrids. Animals (Basel) 13:3627, 2023. Pubmed reference: 38066978. DOI: 10.3390/ani13233627. | |
Konold, T., Spiropoulos, J., Hills, J., Abdul, H., Cawthraw, S., Phelan, L., McKenna, A., Read, L., Canoyra, S., Marín-Moreno, A., Torres, J.M. : | |
Experimental transmission of ovine atypical scrapie to cattle. Vet Res 54:98, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37864218. DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01224-3. | |
Olech, M. : | |
Conventional and state-of-the-art detection methods of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Int J Mol Sci 24:7135, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37108297. DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087135. | |
Orge, L., Lurdes Pinto, M., Cristovão, P., Mendonça, P., Carvalho, P., Lima, C., Santos, H., Alves, A., Seixas, F., Pires, I., Gama, A., Dos Anjos Pires, M. : | |
Detection of abnormal prion protein by immunohistochemistry. J Vis Exp , 2023. Pubmed reference: 37212578. DOI: 10.3791/64560. | |
Varga, C. : | |
[Scrapie sheep, mad cows, laughing death and slow viruses]. Orv Hetil 164:317-320, 2023. Pubmed reference: 36842150. DOI: 10.1556/650.2023.HO2744. | |
2022 | He, X., Memon, S., Yue, D., Zhu, J., Lu, Y., Liu, X., Xiong, H., Li, G., Deng, W., Xi, D. : |
PRNP gene polymorphism frequencies for comparing possible vulnerability to BSE in Chinese bovine population. Anim Biotechnol 34:2433-2440, 2022. Pubmed reference: 35875846. DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2095515. | |
Kim, Y.C., Park, K.J., Hwang, J.Y., Park, H.C., Kang, H.E., Sohn, H.J., Jeong, B.H. : | |
In-depth examination of PrP Sc in Holstein cattle carrying the E211K somatic mutation of the bovine prion protein gene (PRNP). Transbound Emerg Dis 69:e356-e361, 2022. Pubmed reference: 34470082. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14309. | |
Kim, Y.C., Won, S.Y., Jeong, M.J., Jeong, B.H. : | |
Absence of proteinase K-resistant PrP in Korean Holstein cattle carrying potential bovine spongiform encephalopathy-related E211K somatic mutation. Transbound Emerg Dis 69:805-812, 2022. Pubmed reference: 33660931. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14053. | |
Muthukumar, V., Muthukumar, M., Kysilka, V., Farahnakian, N., Agha, S., Richardet, S. : | |
A high "steaks" molecular story: Copper interactions with mad cow disease prion proteins. FASEB J. 36 Suppl 1, 2022. | |
2021 | Chong, A., Foster, J.D., Goldmann, W., Gonzalez, L., Jeffrey, M., O'Connor, M.J., Bishop, K., Maddison, B.C., Houston, E.F., Gough, K.C., Hunter, N. : |
BSE can propagate in sheep co-infected or pre-infected with scrapie. Sci Rep 11:11931, 2021. Pubmed reference: 34099797. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91397-8. | |
Gallardo, M.J., Delgado, F.O. : | |
Animal prion diseases: A review of intraspecies transmission. Open Vet J 11:707-723, 2021. Pubmed reference: 35070868. DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2021.v11.i4.23. | |
Lambert, Z.J., Greenlee, J.J., Cassmann, E.D., West Greenlee, M.H. : | |
Differential accumulation of misfolded prion strains in natural hosts of prion diseases. Viruses 13:2453, 2021. Pubmed reference: 34960722. DOI: 10.3390/v13122453. | |
Orge, L., Lima, C., Machado, C., Tavares, P., Mendonça, P., Carvalho, P., Silva, J., Pinto, M.L., Bastos, E., Pereira, J.C., Gonçalves-Anjo, N., Gama, A., Esteves, A., Alves, A., Matos, A.C., Seixas, F., Silva, F., Pires, I., Figueira, L., Vieira-Pinto, M., Sargo, R., Pires, M.D.A. : | |
Neuropathology of animal prion diseases. Biomolecules 11:466, 2021. Pubmed reference: 33801117. DOI: 10.3390/biom11030466. | |
Ritchie, D.L., Peden, A.H., Barria, M.A. : | |
Variant CJD: Reflections a quarter of a century on. Pathogens 10:1413, 2021. Pubmed reference: 34832569. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111413. | |
Singh, P., Ali, S.A. : | |
Impact of CRISPR-Cas9-based genome engineering in farm animals. Vet Sci 8:122, 2021. Pubmed reference: 34209174. DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8070122. | |
2020 | Ayers, J.I., Paras, N.A., Prusiner, S.B. : |
Expanding spectrum of prion diseases. Emerg Top Life Sci 4:155-167, 2020. Pubmed reference: 32803268. DOI: 10.1042/ETLS20200037. | |
Kim, Y.C., Kim, S.K., Won, S.Y., Jeong, B.H. : | |
Polymorphisms of shadow of prion protein gene (SPRN) in Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) and Holstein cattle. Sci Rep 10:15272, 2020. Pubmed reference: 32943703. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72225-x. | |
Won, S.Y., Kim, Y.C., Jeong, B.H. : | |
First report of the potential bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)-related somatic mutation E211K of the prion protein gene (PRNP) in cattle. Int J Mol Sci 21:4246, 2020. Pubmed reference: 32549191. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124246. | |
2019 | Hagiwara, K., Sato, Y., Yamakawa, Y., Hara, H., Tobiume, M., Okemoto-Nakamura, Y., Sata, T., Horiuchi, M., Shibata, H., Ono, F. : |
Tracking and clarifying differential traits of classical- and atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions after transmission from cattle to cynomolgus monkeys. PLoS One 14:e0216807, 2019. Pubmed reference: 31095605. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216807. | |
Huor, A., Espinosa, J.C., Vidal, E., Cassard, H., Douet, J.Y., Lugan, S., Aron, N., Marín-Moreno, A., Lorenzo, P., Aguilar-Calvo, P., Badiola, J., Bolea, R., Pumarola, M., Benestad, S.L., Orge, L., Thackray, A.M., Bujdoso, R., Torres, J.M., Andreoletti, O. : | |
The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116:26853-26862, 2019. Pubmed reference: 31843908. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915737116. | |
Kumagai, S., Daikai, T., Onodera, T. : | |
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy - A Review from the Perspective of Food Safety. Food Saf (Tokyo) 7:21-47, 2019. Pubmed reference: 31998585. DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2018009. | |
Langeveld, J.P.M., Pirisinu, L., Jacobs, J.G., Mazza, M., Lantier, I., Simon, S., Andréoletti, O., Acin, C., Esposito, E., Fast, C., Groschup, M., Goldmann, W., Spiropoulos, J., Sklaviadis, T., Lantier, F., Ekateriniadou, L., Papasavva-Stylianou, P., van Keulen, L.J.M., Acutis, P.L., Agrimi, U., Bossers, A., Nonno, R. : | |
Four types of scrapie in goats differentiated from each other and bovine spongiform encephalopathy by biochemical methods. Vet Res 50:97, 2019. Pubmed reference: 31767033. DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0718-z. | |
2018 | Gielbert, A., Thorne, J.K., Plater, J.M., Thorne, L., Griffiths, P.C., Simmons, M.M., Cassar, C.A. : |
Molecular characterisation of atypical BSE prions by mass spectrometry and changes following transmission to sheep and transgenic mouse models. PLoS One 13:e0206505, 2018. Pubmed reference: 30408075. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206505. | |
Houston, F., Andréoletti, O. : | |
Animal prion diseases: the risks to human health. Brain Pathol 29:248-262, 2018. Pubmed reference: 30588682. DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12696. | |
2017 | Kim, Y.C., Jeong, B.H. : |
Lack of germline mutation at codon 211 of the prion protein gene (PRNP) in Korean native cattle - Short communication. Acta Vet Hung 65:147-152, 2017. Pubmed reference: 28244340. DOI: 10.1556/004.2017.015. | |
Peggion, C., Bertoli, A., Sorgato, M.C. : | |
Almost a century of prion protein(s): From pathology to physiology, and back to pathology. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 483:1148-1155, 2017. Pubmed reference: 27581199. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.118. | |
Serra, F., Müller, J., Gray, J., Lüthi, R., Dudas, S., Czub, S., Seuberlich, T. : | |
PrP-C1 fragment in cattle brains reveals features of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy associated PrP(sc). Brain Res 1659:19-28, 2017. Pubmed reference: 28119056. DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.01.015. | |
Simmons, M., Ru, G., Casalone, C., Iulini, B., Cassar, C., Seuberlich, T. : | |
Discontools: Identifying gaps in controlling bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Transbound Emerg Dis 65 Suppl 1:9-21, 2017. Pubmed reference: 28795509. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12671. | |
Vázquez-Fernández, E., Young, H.S., Requena, J.R., Wille, H. : | |
The Structure of Mammalian Prions and Their Aggregates. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 329:277-301, 2017. Pubmed reference: 28109330. DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.08.013. | |
Vrentas, C.E., Greenlee, J.J., Foster, G.H., West, J., Jahnke, M.M., Schmidt, M.T., Nicholson, E.M. : | |
Effects of a naturally occurring amino acid substitution in bovine PrP: a model for inherited prion disease in a natural host species. BMC Res Notes 10:759, 2017. Pubmed reference: 29262866. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-3085-8. | |
2016 | Bevacqua, R.J., Fernandez-Martín, R., Savy, V., Canel, N.G., Gismondi, M.I., Kues, W.A., Carlson, D.F., Fahrenkrug, S.C., Niemann, H., Taboga, O.A., Ferraris, S., Salamone, D.F. : |
Efficient edition of the bovine PRNP prion gene in somatic cells and IVF embryos using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Theriogenology 86:1886-1896.e1, 2016. Pubmed reference: 27566851. DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.06.010. | |
Brunelle, B.W., O'Grady, A.M., Nicholson, E.M., Seabury, C.M. : | |
Disparate Modes of Evolution Shaped Modern Prion (PRNP) and Prion-Related Doppel (PRND) Variation in Domestic Cattle. PLoS One 11:e0155924, 2016. Pubmed reference: 27224046. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155924. | |
Davenport, K.A., Henderson, D.M., Mathiason, C.K., Hoover, E.A. : | |
Assessment of the PrPc amino-terminal domain in prion species barriers. J Virol 90:10752-10761, 2016. Pubmed reference: 27654299. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01121-16. | |
Hedman, C., Bolea, R., Marín, B., Cobrière, F., Filali, H., Vazquez, F., Pitarch, J.L., Vargas, A., Acín, C., Moreno, B., Pumarola, M., Andreoletti, O., Badiola, J.J. : | |
Transmission of sheep-bovine spongiform encephalopathy to pigs. Vet Res 47:14, 2016. Pubmed reference: 26742788. DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0295-8. | |
Jaumain, E., Quadrio, I., Herzog, L., Reine, F., Rezaei, H., Andréoletti, O., Laude, H., Perret-Liaudet, A., Haïk, S., Béringue, V. : | |
Absence of evidence for a causal link between L-BSE and known forms of sporadic CJD in human PrP transgenic mice. J Virol 90:10867-10874, 2016. Pubmed reference: 27681129. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01383-16. | |
Moore, S.J., West Greenlee, M.H., Smith, J.D., Vrentas, C.E., Nicholson, E.M., Greenlee, J.J. : | |
A Comparison of Classical and H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Associated with E211K Prion Protein Polymorphism in Wild-Type and EK211 Cattle Following Intracranial Inoculation. Front Vet Sci 3:78, 2016. Pubmed reference: 27695695. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00078. | |
Xerxa, E., Barbisin, M., Chieppa, M.N., Krmac, H., Vallino Costassa, E., Vatta, P., Simmons, M., Caramelli, M., Casalone, C., Corona, C., Legname, G. : | |
Whole Blood Gene Expression Profiling in Preclinical and Clinical Cattle Infected with Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. PLoS One 11:e0153425, 2016. Pubmed reference: 27073865. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153425. | |
Yang, Q., Zhang, S., Liu, L., Cao, X., Lei, C., Qi, X., Lin, F., Qu, W., Qi, X., Liu, J., Wang, R., Chen, H., Lan, X. : | |
Application of mathematical expectation (ME) strategy for detecting low frequency mutations: An example for evaluating 14-bp insertion/deletion (indel) within the bovine PRNP gene. Prion 10:409-419, 2016. Pubmed reference: 27580010. DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2016.1211593. | |
2015 | Aguilar-Calvo, P., García, C., Espinosa, J.C., Andreoletti, O., Torres, J.M. : |
Prion and prion-like diseases in animals. Virus Res 207:82-93, 2015. Pubmed reference: 25444937. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.11.026. | |
Budka, H., Will, R.G. : | |
The end of the BSE saga: do we still need surveillance for human prion diseases? Swiss Med Wkly 145:w14212, 2015. Pubmed reference: 26715203. DOI: 10.4414/smw.2015.14212. | |
Choi, W., Kim, E., Yum, S.Y., Lee, C., Lee, J., Moon, J., Ramachandra, S., Malaweera, B.O., Cho, J., Kim, J.S., Kim, S., Jang, G. : | |
Efficient PRNP deletion in bovine genome using gene-editing technologies in bovine cells. Prion 9:278-91, 2015. Pubmed reference: 26217959. DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2015.1071459. | |
Dudas, S., James, J., Anderson, R., Czub, S. : | |
Exploring the cause of initially reactive bovine brains on rapid tests for BSE. Prion 9:429-43, 2015. Pubmed reference: 26689488. DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2015.1115945. | |
Greenlee, J.J., Greenlee, M.H. : | |
The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies of livestock. ILAR J 56:7-25, 2015. Pubmed reference: 25991695. DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilv008. | |
Quimby, A.E., Shamy, M.C. : | |
The Canadian Management of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Historical and Scientific Perspective, 1990-2014. Can J Neurol Sci 42:472-81, 2015. Pubmed reference: 26357946. DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2015.286. | |
Zhao, H., Du, Y., Chen, S., Qing, L., Wang, X., Huang, J., Wu, D., Zhang, Y. : | |
The prion protein gene polymorphisms associated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy susceptibility differ significantly between cattle and buffalo. Infect Genet Evol 36:531-8, 2015. Pubmed reference: 26319996. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.08.031. | |
2014 | Barria, M.A., Ironside, J.W., Head, M.W. : |
Exploring the zoonotic potential of animal prion diseases: In vivo and in vitro approaches. Prion 8:85-91, 2014. Pubmed reference: 24549113. DOI: 10.4161/pri.28124. | |
Vernerova, K., Tothova, L., Mikova, A., Vodrazka, P., Simek, B., Hanusova, L., Citek, J. : | |
BSE-associated polymorphisms in the prion protein gene: an investigation. J Anim Breed Genet 131:403-8, 2014. Pubmed reference: 24720684. DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12090. | |
2013 | Acquatella-Tran Van Ba, I., Imberdis, T., Perrier, V. : |
From Prion Diseases to Prion-Like Propagation Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Cell Biol 2013:975832, 2013. Pubmed reference: 24222767. DOI: 10.1155/2013/975832. | |
Hueston, W.D. : | |
BSE and variant CJD: emerging science, public pressure and the vagaries of policy-making. Prev Vet Med 109:179-84, 2013. Pubmed reference: 23287715. DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.023. | |
Kretzschmar, H., Tatzelt, J. : | |
Prion disease: a tale of folds and strains. Brain Pathol 23:321-32, 2013. Pubmed reference: 23587138. DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12045. | |
Lee, J., Kim, S.Y., Hwang, K.J., Ju, Y.R., Woo, H.J. : | |
Prion Diseases as Transmissible Zoonotic Diseases. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 4:57-66, 2013. Pubmed reference: 24159531. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2012.12.008. | |
Lloyd, S.E., Mead, S., Collinge, J. : | |
Genetics of prion diseases. Curr Opin Genet Dev 23:345-51, 2013. Pubmed reference: 23518043. DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.02.012. | |
Vidal, E., Fernández-Borges, N., Pintado, B., Ordóñez, M., Márquez, M., Fondevila, D., Eraña, H., Torres, J.M., Pumarola, M., Castilla, J. : | |
Exploring the risks of a putative transmission of BSE to new species. Prion 7:443-6, 2013. Pubmed reference: 24184875. DOI: 10.4161/pri.27014. | |
2012 | Choi, S., Woo, H.J., Lee, J. : |
Sequence variations of the bovine prion protein gene (PRNP) in native Korean Hanwoo cattle. J Vet Sci 13:127-37, 2012. Pubmed reference: 22705734. DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2012.13.2.127. | |
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2011 | Czarnik, U., Strychalski, J., Zabolewicz, T., Pareek, C.S. : |
Populationwide investigation of two indel polymorphisms at the prion protein gene in Polish Holstein-Friesian cattle. Biochem Genet 49:303-12, 2011. Pubmed reference: 21221760. DOI: 10.1007/s10528-010-9408-2. | |
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Evaluation of PRNP expression based on genotypes and alleles of two indel loci in the medulla oblongata of Japanese Black and Japanese Brown cattle. PLoS One 6:e18787, 2011. Pubmed reference: 21611160. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018787. | |
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Polymorphism of the prion protein gene (PRNP) in two Chinese indigenous cattle breeds. Mol Biol Rep 38:4197-204, 2011. Pubmed reference: 21120616. DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0541-0. | |
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2010 | Adkin, A., Webster, V., Arnold, ME., Wells, GA., Matthews, D. : |
Estimating the impact on the food chain of changing bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) control measures: the BSE control model. Prev Vet Med 93:170-82, 2010. Pubmed reference: 19836847. DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.09.018. | |
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Molecular analysis of carbohydrate N-acetylgalactosamine 4-O sulfotransferase 8 (CHST8) as a candidate gene for bovine spongiform encephalopathy susceptibility. Anim Genet 41:85-8, 2010. Pubmed reference: 19744145. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2009.01951.x. | |
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Indels within promoter and intron 1 of bovine prion protein gene modulate the gene expression levels in the medulla oblongata of two Japanese cattle breeds. Anim Genet 41:218-21, 2010. Pubmed reference: 19917050. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2009.01983.x. | |
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A 2cM genome-wide scan of European Holstein cattle affected by classical BSE. BMC Genet 11:20, 2010. Pubmed reference: 20350325. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-11-20. | |
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Allele Distributions and Frequencies of the Six Prion Protein Gene (PRNP) Polymorphisms in Asian Native Cattle, Japanese Breeds, and Mythun (Bos frontalis). Biochem Genet 48:829-39, 2010. Pubmed reference: 20623331. DOI: 10.1007/s10528-010-9364-x. | |
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2009 | Ferguson-Smith, MA., Richt, JA. : |
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From mad cows to sensible blood transfusion: the risk of prion transmission by labile blood components in the United Kingdom and in France. Transfusion 49:797-812, 2009. Pubmed reference: 19170997. DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.02044.x. | |
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2008 | Brunelle, BW., Greenlee, JJ., Seabury, CM., Brown, CE., Nicholson, EM. : |
Frequencies of polymorphisms associated with BSE resistance differ significantly between Bos taurus, Bos indicus, and composite cattle. BMC Vet Res 4:36, 2008. Pubmed reference: 18808703. DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-4-36. | |
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Association of a bovine prion gene haplotype with atypical BSE. PLoS One 3:e1830, 2008. Pubmed reference: 18350166. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001830. | |
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Review on the epidemiology and dynamics of BSE epidemics. Vet Res 39:15, 2008. Pubmed reference: 18187031. DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2007053. | |
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Characterization of a 320-kb region containing the HEXA gene on bovine chromosome 10 and analysis of its association with BSE susceptibility. Anim Genet 39:400-6, 2008. Pubmed reference: 18513278. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2008.01743.x. | |
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Identification of a heritable polymorphism in bovine PRNP associated with genetic transmissible spongiform encephalopathy: evidence of heritable BSE. PLoS ONE 3:e2912, 2008. Pubmed reference: 18698343. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002912. | |
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PRNP promoter polymorphisms are associated with BSE susceptibility in Swiss and German cattle. BMC Genet 8:15, 2007. Pubmed reference: 17437640. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-8-15. | |
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A review of genetic resistance to disease in Bos taurus cattle. Vet J 174:481-91, 2007. Pubmed reference: 17095270. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.09.006. | |
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2005 | Abrial, D., Calavas, D., Jarrige, N., Ducrot, C. : |
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Highly bovine spongiform encephalopathy-sensitive transgenic mice confirm the essential restriction of infectivity to the nervous system in clinically diseased cattle. J Infect Dis 192:934-42, 2005. Pubmed reference: 16088845. DOI: 10.1086/431602. | |
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Transgenic mice expressing bovine PrP with a four extra repeat octapeptide insert mutation show a spontaneous, non-transmissible, neurodegenerative disease and an expedited course of BSE infection. FEBS Lett 579:6237-46, 2005. Pubmed reference: 16253245. DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.09.099. | |
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A spatio-temporal analysis of BSE cases born before and after the reinforced feed ban in France. Vet Res 36:839-53, 2005. Pubmed reference: 16120257. DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2005037. | |
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The Canada debate. USDA sends team to Canada to investigate BSE situation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:504-5, 2005. Pubmed reference: 15742683. | |
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A quantitative assessment of the BSE risk associated with fly ash and slag from the incineration of meat-and-bone meal in a gas-fired power plant in Denmark. Prev Vet Med 68:263-75, 2005. Pubmed reference: 15820119. DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.01.010. | |
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2004 | Arnold, ME., Wilesmith, JW. : |
Estimation of the age-dependent risk of infection to BSE of dairy cattle in Great Britain. Prev Vet Med 66:35-47, 2004. Pubmed reference: 15579333. DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.07.007. | |
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Is it safe? New beef rules aim to stop mad cow disease. But they may not be enough--and there's too much we don't know. US News World Rep 136:16-21, 2004. Pubmed reference: 16116714. | |
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Age-period-cohort analysis of the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic in Switzerland. Prev Vet Med 66:19-33, 2004. Pubmed reference: 15579332. DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.07.009. | |
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Primary isolation of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in mice: agent definition based on a review of 150 transmissions. J Comp Pathol 132:117-31, 2004. Pubmed reference: 15737338. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2004.08.002. | |
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Inactivation of the bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy (BSE) agent by the acid and alkaline processes used in the manufacture of bone gelatine. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 39:329-38, 2004. Pubmed reference: 15154846. DOI: 10.1042/BA20030149. | |
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NMR structure of the bovine prion protein isolated from healthy calf brains. EMBO Rep 5:1159-64, 2004. Pubmed reference: 15568016. DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400297. | |
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[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy/ prion diseases] Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 93:2363-8, 2004. Pubmed reference: 15624473. | |
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Clinical findings in 78 suspected cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Great Britain. Vet Rec 155:659-66, 2004. Pubmed reference: 15581140. | |
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Hypothesis of interference to superinfection between bovine spastic paresis and bovine spongiform encephalopathy; suggestions for experimentation, theoretical and practical interest. Med Hypotheses 62:346-53, 2004. Pubmed reference: 14975501. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2003.11.019. | |
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Classification of signatures of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in serum using infrared spectroscopy. Analyst 129:897-901, 2004. Pubmed reference: 15457319. DOI: 10.1039/b408950m. | |
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Foodborne Pathog Dis 1:65-72, 2004. Pubmed reference: 15992264. DOI: 10.1089/153531404772914482. | |
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Analysis of sequence variability of the bovine prion protein gene (PRNP) in German cattle breeds. Neurogenetics 5:19-25, 2004. Pubmed reference: 14727152. DOI: 10.1007/s10048-003-0171-y. | |
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Prion protein gene (PRNP) variants and evidence for strong purifying selection in functionally important regions of bovine exon 3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:15142-7, 2004. | |
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Prion protein gene (PRNP) variants and evidence for strong purifying selection in functionally important regions of bovine exon 3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:15142-7, 2004. Pubmed reference: 15477588. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0406403101. | |
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Comparative PRNP genotyping of U.S. cattle sires for potential association with BSE. Mamm Genome 15:828-33, 2004. Pubmed reference: 15520885. DOI: 10.1007/s00335-004-2400-6. | |
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Distribution of PrP(res) in the brains of BSE-affected cows detected by active surveillance in Catalonia, Spain. Vet Rec 155:524-5, 2004. Pubmed reference: 15551927. | |
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The first Canadian indigenous case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has molecular characteristics for prion protein that are similar to those of BSE in the United Kingdom but differ from those of chronic wasting disease in captive elk and deer. Can Vet J 45:825-30, 2004. Pubmed reference: 15532881. | |
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Purification of recombinant bovine normal prion protein PrP(104-242) by HPHIC. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 806:185-90, 2004. Pubmed reference: 15171928. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.03.062. | |
2003 | Anon. : |
Federal funding intensifies prion disease research Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 222:12, 2003. | |
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Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America The Lancet Infectious Diseases 3:463, 2003. Pubmed reference: 12906010. | |
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Comparison of the neuropathological characteristics of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in mice Neuropathology & Applied Neurobiology 29:262-72, 2003. | |
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Assessment of the risk posed by bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle in Great Britain and the impact of potential changes to current control measures Proceedings of the Royal Society of London - Series B: Biological Sciences 270:1579-84, 2003. Pubmed reference: 12908978. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2003.2484. | |
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Risk assessments on BSE Veterinary Record 152:816, 2003. Pubmed reference: 12862175. | |
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BSE case rattles Canadian officials Nature 423:467, 2003. Pubmed reference: 12774079. DOI: 10.1038/423467b. | |
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The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies Revue Scientifique et Technique 22:23-36, 2003. Pubmed reference: 12793772. | |
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Assessment of the risk factors related to bovine spongiform encephalopathy Revue Scientifique et Technique 22:157-78, 2003. Pubmed reference: 12793778. | |
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Protein nutrition for ruminants in European countries, in the light of animal feeding regulations linked to bovine spongiform encephalopathy Revue Scientifique et Technique 22:259-69, 2003. Pubmed reference: 12793784. | |
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Harvard study finds BSE poses little threat to US consumers, agriculture Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 220:279-280, 2002. Pubmed reference: 11829250. | |
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BSE: Milk and potential risks? Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 109:350-353, 2002. Pubmed reference: 12224463. | |
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Disposal of animal byproducts, perished and slaughtered animals Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 109:354-357, 2002. Pubmed reference: 12224464. | |
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BSE/FMD - time for serious bans Australian Veterinary Journal 79:320, 2001. | |
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Clinical presentation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in the Republic of Ireland Veterinary Record 149:747-748, 2001. Pubmed reference: 11808659. | |
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Studies link vCJD, BSE agents Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 211:1107, 1997. | |
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Scrapie theory fed BSE complacency New Scientist 150:4, 1996. | |
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Prediction of future incidence of BSE Veterinary Record 138:484, 1996. | |
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More BSE research needed American Journal of Veterinary Research 57:601, 1996. | |
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A chance to get it right - comment Veterinary Record 138:481, 1996. | |
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Emergency slaughter of cattle over 30 months Veterinary Record 138:482, 1996. | |
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Exemption proposals for specialist herds Veterinary Record 138:482-483, 1996. | |
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Beef ban stays despite further slaughter proposals from Britain Veterinary Record 138:506, 1996. | |
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A dangerous strategy Veterinary Record 138:505, 1996. | |
Anon. : | |
Britain launches legal challenge to EU ban Veterinary Record 138:530-531, 1996. | |
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OIE updates animal health code recommendations on BSE Veterinary Record 138:530, 1996. | |
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Movement on by-products ban as Britain sets out its proposals on BSE Veterinary Record 138:554, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8795180. | |
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Facts about bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Great Britain and Creutzfeldt Jakob disease in the United States Journal of Environmental Health 59:25-26, 1996. | |
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SEAC advises on disposal of waste Veterinary Record 138:579-580, 1996. | |
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Commission agrees to partial lifting of beef exports ban Veterinary Record 138:578-579, 1996. | |
Anon. : | |
MAFF issues proposals for cattle passports Veterinary Record 138:579, 1996. | |
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) - a fact sheet for veterinarians Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 18:723-727, 1996. | |
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MAFF launches feed recall scheme Veterinary Record 138:603, 1996. | |
Anon. : | |
Tesco launches beef assurance scheme Veterinary Record 138:604, 1996. | |
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Commission to make its own proposals for easing the exports ban Veterinary Record 138:602, 1996. | |
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Fve - restoring confidence in beef - towards a european solution Veterinary Record 138:631-632, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8817856. | |
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CJD and BSE for beginners Australian Veterinary Journal 74:82 ff., 1996. | |
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BSE - European ministers agree on a framework for lifting the exports ban Veterinary Record 138:630, 1996. | |
Anon. : | |
MPS discuss prospective selective slaughter scheme Veterinary Record 139:2-3, 1996. | |
Anon. : | |
FVE calls for BSE surveillance in Europe Veterinary Record 139:3, 1996. | |
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Europe unmoved as scheme for older cattle gets underway Veterinary Record 138:454, 1996. | |
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BSE - the facts Irish Veterinary Journal 49:397, 1996. | |
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Government sets out proposals for accelerated slaughter of cattle Veterinary Record 139:26-27, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8839487. | |
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Desperate measures Veterinary Record 139:25, 1996. | |
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Maternal transmission experiment nearing completion Veterinary Record 139:50, 1996. | |
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BSE - standing veterinary committee to consider ovine offal ban Veterinary Record 139:78, 1996. | |
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BSE - experts consider the facts Veterinary Record 139:79-80, 1996. | |
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MPS highlight problems in dealing with cattle over 30 months old Veterinary Record 138:482, 1996. | |
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Power use for culled cattle considered Veterinary Record 139:103, 1996. | |
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Conclusions of the spongiform encephalopathy advisory committee on sheep and BSE Veterinary Record 139:102, 1996. | |
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Government proposes precautionary controls on ovine offals Veterinary Record 139:102, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8856884. | |
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MAFF considers database of cattle movements Veterinary Record 139:128, 1996. | |
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BSE research results suggest enhanced risk of maternal transmission Veterinary Record 139:126-127, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8863399. | |
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Government launches beef assurance scheme for specialist herds Veterinary Record 139:174, 1996. | |
Anon. : | |
Verification of the age of female cattle entered for the over-30-months scheme Veterinary Record 139:174, 1996. | |
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Providing assurance on beef Veterinary Record 139:173, 1996. | |
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BSE's propaganda Nature 383:201, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8805682. | |
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BSE - those corrupting prions (reprinted from The Economist, London, April 27th, 1996) Livestock Production Science 46:136-137, 1996. | |
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BSE will fade close to extinction by 2001 Veterinary Record 139:222-223, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8883344. | |
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BVA reaction Veterinary Record 138:290, 1996. | |
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BVA concern about cattle cull Veterinary Record 139:247-248, 1996. | |
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Are you prepared to field clients questions on BSE Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 209:1201-1202, 1996. | |
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Government puts accelerated slaughter proposals on ice Veterinary Record 139:302, 1996. | |
Anon. : | |
BVA calls for public inquiry into BSE Veterinary Record 139:326, 1996. | |
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Maternal transmission still in doubt Veterinary Record 139:328-329, 1996. | |
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BSE link prompts German vote on sheep Nature 383:753, 1996. | |
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Slaughter backlog could be cleared by Christmas - minister Veterinary Record 139:378, 1996. | |
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Are your prepared to field clients questions on BSE (vol 209, pg 1202, 1996 Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 209:1530, 1996. | |
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Slaughter of casualty animals over 30 months old Veterinary Record 139:431, 1996. | |
Anon. : | |
Selective slaughter details delayed Veterinary Record 139:103, 1996. | |
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Similarity of protein markers supports hypothesis of BSE/CJD link Veterinary Record 139:430-431, 1996. | |
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BSE research puts other projects at risk Veterinary Record 139:481, 1996. | |
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Slaughter backlog smaller than expected Veterinary Record 139:481, 1996. | |
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Government survives BSE debate by one vote Veterinary Record 139:506, 1996. | |
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Farmers call for selective cull Veterinary Record 139:555, 1996. | |
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BSE could be virtually eliminated by 1998, researcher says Veterinary Record 139:555, 1996. | |
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MAFF sets out BSE spending plans Veterinary Record 139:578-579, 1996. | |
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VPHA considers BSE and CJD at annual meeting Veterinary Record 138:315-316, 1996. | |
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - an update Bulletin de l Office International des Epizooties 15:1087-1118, 1996. | |
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Selective cattle cull to go ahead Veterinary Record 139:607-608, 1996. | |
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Open wide for prion testing Outlook on Agriculture 25:274-275, 1996. | |
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Will BSE become a European disease Outlook on Agriculture 25:271, 1996. | |
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Research - transgenic mice give clue to BSE risks Veterinary Record 138:2, 1996. | |
Anon. : | |
The BVA sets out its position Veterinary Record 138:375, 1996. | |
Anon. : | |
Simply the best Veterinary Record 138:377, 1996. | |
Anon. : | |
PFMAS position on pet food Veterinary Record 138:316, 1996. | |
Anon. : | |
Lessons from BSE for public confidence Nature 380:271, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8598915. | |
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Less beef, more brain Lancet 347:915, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8598748. | |
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Give us the beef about beef New Scientist 149:3, 1996. | |
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Government announcement sparks a crisis for british beef Veterinary Record 138:291-292, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8730687. | |
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A crisis of confidence Veterinary Record 138:289, 1996. | |
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Agriculture and health select committees announce joint inquiry Veterinary Record 138:294, 1996. | |
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Statement issued by the spongiform encephalopathy advisory committee on March 24 Veterinary Record 138:293, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8730688. | |
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Statement issued by the spongiform encephalopathy advisory committee on March 20 Veterinary Record 138:291, 1996. | |
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Consumers turn away from beef Veterinary Record 138:294, 1996. | |
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Government considers cattle cull to restore confidence in beef Veterinary Record 138:290, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8730686. | |
Anon. : | |
Unnecessary hysteria caused crisis - PM Veterinary Record 138:315, 1996. | |
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European ministers consider options for resolving the beef crisis Veterinary Record 138:314-315, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8730671. | |
Anon. : | |
Select committees hold urgent inquiry Veterinary Record 138:316, 1996. | |
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Progress of sorts Veterinary Record 138:629, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8966983. | |
Anon. : | |
CJD findings published in the Lancet Veterinary Record 138:314, 1996. | |
Anon. : | |
Cattle in limbo - comment Veterinary Record 138:313, 1996. | |
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WHO gathers international experts to review the situation on BSE Veterinary Record 138:343, 1996. | |
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A demonstration of commitment Veterinary Record 138:341, 1996. | |
Anon. : | |
World Health Organization consultation on public health issues related to bovine spongiform encephalopathy and the emergence of a new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (reprinted from MNWR, vol 45, pg 295-296, 303, 1996) Jama: Journal of the American Medical Association 275:1305-1306, 1996. | |
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The crisis continues Veterinary Record 138:341, 1996. | |
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Minister outlines slaughter plans for older cattle Veterinary Record 138:342, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8737259. | |
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Small steps forward on BSE Veterinary Record 138:373, 1996. | |
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Zoonoses control - bovine spongiform encephalopathy [French] Semaine des Hopitaux 72:446-447, 1996. | |
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Mass slaughter policy wholly unreal says agriculture minister Veterinary Record 138:374, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8732190. | |
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Commissioner would not hesitate to eat British beef Veterinary Record 138:376, 1996. | |
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Identical CJD case in France Veterinary Record 138:376, 1996. | |
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Waiting for a formula Veterinary Record 138:401, 1996. | |
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Lords consider the origins - and the future - of the beef crisis Veterinary Record 138:403, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8733176. | |
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Veterinary supervision vital, says FVE Veterinary Record 138:402, 1996. | |
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BVA and BCVA respond to developments Veterinary Record 138:403-404, 1996. | |
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Ban on beef exports - commission awaits specific proposals from Britain Veterinary Record 138:402, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8733175. | |
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Royal Society calls for further research Veterinary Record 138:404, 1996. | |
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Challenge to export ban Veterinary Record 138:428, 1996. | |
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Cost of the crisis Veterinary Record 138:428, 1996. | |
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Britains slaughter proposals fail to impress European ministers Veterinary Record 138:426, 1996. | |
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BSE scare - maintain a sense of perspective Irish Veterinary Journal 49:264, 1996. | |
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Home office stands firm on DDA Veterinary Record 138:484, 1996. | |
Aryu, S.C. : | |
Immunohistochemical detection of prion protein in lymphoid tissues of sheep, cattle, and humans Journal of Clinical Microbiology 34:2639, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8880543. | |
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Mad cows, bats and baby milk Nature 382:109, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8700195. DOI: 10.1038/382109a0. | |
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Heart rate variability in BSE Veterinary Record 139:631, 1996. Pubmed reference: 9123790. | |
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy - study so far provides no evidence for maternal and horizontal transmission British Medical Journal 312:843, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8608299. | |
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Natural transmissibility of animal spongiform encephalopathies - public health risks [French] Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses 26:275-280, 1996. | |
Beaver, M. : | |
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scientific responsibility Public Health 110:201-202, 1996. | |
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy - incidence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy is higher in cows born after feed ban British Medical Journal 312:843-844, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8608300. | |
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BSE on the world wide web Trends in Food Science & Technology 7:204, 1996. | |
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Prion-related diseases and creutzfeldt-jakob disease (subacute spongiform encephalopathy) European Journal of Neurology 3:485-486, 1996. | |
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Mad cow politics tries to corral science Nature 383:209, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8805686. DOI: 10.1038/383209a0. | |
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BSE researchers bemoan ministry secrecy Nature 383:467-468, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8849710. DOI: 10.1038/383467a0. | |
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Funding row delays Brussels BSE research Nature 383:565, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8857525. DOI: 10.1038/383565a0. | |
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Brussels inquiry criticizes BSE secrecy Nature 384:8-9, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8900259. DOI: 10.1038/384008a0. | |
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Butler, D. : | |
Statistics suggest BSE now Europe-wide Nature 382:4, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8657302. DOI: 10.1038/382004a0. | |
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob researchers seek greater access to data on cases Nature 381:453, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8632806. DOI: 10.1038/381453a0. | |
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Did UK dump contaminated feed after ban Nature 381:544-545, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8637582. DOI: 10.1038/381544a0. | |
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French action aims to quell BSE fears Nature 382:5, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8657304. DOI: 10.1038/382005c0. | |
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BSE maternal transmission results may be released soon Nature 381:724, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8657266. DOI: 10.1038/381724a0. | |
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Prion research programme proposed Nature 381:724, 1996. DOI: 10.1038/381724a0. | |
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Slow release of data adds to BSE confusion Nature 380:370, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8602226. DOI: 10.1038/380370a0. | |
Butler, D. : | |
Britain caught out by unscientific reactions to Europe's beef crisis Nature 381:353-354, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8632782. DOI: 10.1038/381353a0. | |
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Risk of maternal transmission of BSE Veterinary Record 139:171, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8870207. | |
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BSE a specific bovine disease Nature 381:360, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8632784. DOI: 10.1038/381360b0. | |
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The BSE crisis Veterinary Record 138:451-452, 1996. | |
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Live scrapie test raises CJD hopes New Scientist 150:5, 1996. | |
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FVE to formulate BSE policy Irish Veterinary Journal 49:388-389, 1996. | |
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Origin of BSE Veterinary Record 138:23, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8825331. | |
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The BSE crisis Veterinary Record 138:399, 1996. | |
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