In other species: Mexican tetra , channel catfish , rainbow trout , Atlantic salmon , brown trout , Atlantic cod , Southern cod-icefishes , Japanese flounder , bullfrog , Asian annulated sea snake , Mallard , swan goose , chicken , Great Tit , blackbird , Rhesus monkey , hamadryas baboon , dog , true foxes , Corsac fox , giant panda , Ringed seal , saddleback dolphin , ass (donkey) , domestic horse , pig , Bactrian camel , Arabian camel , reindeer , taurine cattle , indicine cattle (zebu) , goat , sheep , American pika , deer mice , Mongolian gerbil , European seabass , pygmy sperm whale , Pacific ridley , snow leopard , polar bear , gayal , domestic yak , jerboas , vendace , Atlantic horse mackerel , , muskox , woolly mammoth , marsupial mole , Common warthog , snowshoe hare , oriental stork , turbot , Pere David's macaque , Clouded leopard , black snub-nosed monkey , Mountain hare , white-tailed jackrabbit , Steller's sea cow , Wuchang bream , Indo-pacific bottlenose dolphin , water buffalo , Japanese quail , kiang , Pacific saury , black-lipped pika , stone loach , pike icefish , smooth hammerhead , European sprat , sparkling violet-ear , large yellow croaker , grey-crowned rosy-finch , Mongolian five-toed jerboa , violet-throated starfrontlet , crested gibbons , Northern mole vole , Wild Bactrian camel , Asiatic mouflon , snub-nosed monkeys , leafy seadragon

Categories: Normal phene

Single-gene trait/disorder: no

Mode of inheritance: Multifactorial

Disease-related: no

Key variant known: no

Species summary: Ma et al. (2026): "whole-genome sequencing combined with functional analysis is used to dissect how Atlantic herring, a marine fish, has adapted to the brackish Baltic Sea. Genes involved in reproduction and early development emerge as primary targets of natural selection, with key changes in a sperm-specific anion channel (LRRC8C2), a zona pellucida protein (ZPBA1), a cluster of three genes for fish transglutaminase (FTG1-3), and a copy number expansion of a fish hatching enzyme gene (HE1C). ... The alleles at two of these loci (FTG1-3, and HE1C) have been introgressed from the sister species Pacific herring." The authors conclude that four LRRC8C2 missense variants  showed perfect association with salinity adaptation and were predicted to protect herring sperm from swelling in brackish water: D25E, T262M, E460K, E526K; that "genetic changes in the ZPBA1 and FTG1-3 protein sequences are associated with a harder egg envelope that protects eggs from swelling during spawning in brackish environments", and that "copy number amplification of fish hatching enzyme genes (HE1C) is linked to degradation of hard egg envelopes in brackish environments."